Vulnerabilities in pkg:npm/vega-functions

PACKAGE
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-m9rg-mr6g-75gm
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Advisory Summary

CVE-2025-66648 is a HIGH (CVSS 7.2) cross-site scripting vulnerability (CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')) affecting Vega functions libraries in the npm ecosystem. The issue involves `vega-functions` vulnerable to cross-site scripting via `setdata` function. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 6.1.1.

5 Known Advisory Record(s)
Package Vulnerability Intelligence

pkg:npm/vega-functions

5 Known Advisory Record(s)

Vulnerability advisories affecting package pkg:npm/vega-functions. Select an advisory below to view technical details or fixes.

Advisory ID CVE / NVD Severity Summary
GHSA-m9rg-mr6g-75gm CVE-2025-66648 HIGH `vega-functions` vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting via `setdata` function
GHSA-rcw3-wmx7-cphr CVE-2025-26619 MODERATE Vega Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via event filter when not using CSP mode expressionInterpeter
GHSA-963h-3v39-3pqf CVE-2025-27793 MODERATE Vega vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting via RegExp.prototype[@@replace]
GHSA-w5m3-xh75-mp55 CVE-2023-26487 MODERATE Vega has Cross-site Scripting vulnerability in `lassoAppend` function
GHSA-4vq7-882g-wcg4 CVE-2023-26486 MODERATE Vega Expression Language `scale` expression function Cross Site Scripting

CVE-2025-66648 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2025-66648
GHSA Identifier GHSA-m9rg-mr6g-75gm
Severity HIGH
CVSS v3.1 Base Score 7.2
CWE Classification CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Affected Product Vega functions
Package Ecosystem npm
Published Date
Last Updated

Security Impact

CVSS: 7.2

The security impact metrics below are parsed directly from the CVSS v3.1 vector string (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).

Attack Vector Network (AV:N)
Attack Complexity Low (AC:L)
Privileges Required None (PR:N)
User Interaction None (UI:N)
Scope Changed (S:C)
Confidentiality Low (C:L)
Integrity Low (I:L)
Availability None (A:N)

How to Fix CVE-2025-66648

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Vega functions dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

vega-functions fixed: 6.1.1 
npm install vega-functions@6.1.1
Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

npm ls vega-functions

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Node.js application is affected by CVE-2025-66648, inspect your project dependencies using npm:

npm ls vega-functions

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Vega functions in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 6.1.1), your application is affected.

Note: The npm ls vega-functions command inspects dependencies declared in your package.json and lockfile; it does not perform automated runtime dynamic scanning.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting'), where the product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users. In Vega functions, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

### Impact For sites that allow users to supply untrusted user input, malicious use of an internal function (not part of the [public API](https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/expressions/)) could be used to run unintentional javascript (XSS). ### Patches Fixed in vega-functions `6.1.1` ### Workarounds There is no workaround besides upgrading. Using `vega.expressionInterpreter` as described in [CSP safe mode](https://vega.github.io/vega/usage/interpreter/) does not prevent this issue. ### Exploit Proof of Concept Vega's expression `modify()` [function](https://github.com/vega/vega/blob/d8add5819346e5af597d82ef8253742acc0283ba/packages/vega-functions/src/functions/modify.js#L40), used by setdata, allows attacker to control both the method called and the values supplied, which results to XSS . This was a previous POC: ```json { "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega/v6.json", "data": [ { "name": "table", "values": [ {"category": "A", "amount": 28} ] } ], "signals": [ { "name": "tooltip", "value": {}, "on": [ {"events": {"type":"timer","throttle":2000}, "update": "setdata('table',[['Domain: '+event.dataflow._el.ownerDocument.domain+' , cookies: '+ event.dataflow._el.ownerDocument.cookie ]])+warn('XSS is here', modify('table',2,3,null,event.dataflow._el.ownerDocument.defaultView.alert,{'tttt':'yyyy'}) )"}, {"events": "rect:pointerout", "update": "{}"} ] } ] } ```

CVE-2025-66648 Affected Vega functions Versions

1 component(s)
Fixed Versions:
6.1.1
Product / Package Ecosystem Affected Versions Fixed Version
vega-functions
npm/vega-functions
npm
< 6.1.1
6.1.1

References

GitHub Advisory / Wiki ADVISORY
https://github.com/vega/vega/security/advisories/GHSA-m9rg-mr6g-75gm
NVD — CVE-2025-66648 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66648
Vega functions Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/vega/vega

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2025-66648?
CVE-2025-66648 is a security vulnerability in Vega functions involving `vega-functions` vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting via `setdata` function under CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting').
Which Vega functions versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to 6.1.1 across affected packages: vega-functions.
What version fixes CVE-2025-66648?
Upgrading to 6.1.1 (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
Is vega-functions affected?
Yes, vega-functions is affected in releases prior to 6.1.1. Upgrade your dependency to 6.1.1 or later.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-66648?
CVE-2025-66648 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.2 (HIGH) with vector string CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2025-66648?
CVE-2025-66648 is classified under CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') (The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.).
How can I check npm dependencies for CVE-2025-66648?
Run the dependency tree command: 'npm ls vega-functions'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-m9rg-mr6g-75gm",
  "modified" : "2026-01-06T15:51:53Z",
  "published" : "2026-01-05T22:58:07Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-66648" ],
  "summary" : "`vega-functions` vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting via `setdata` function",
  "details" : "### Impact\n\nFor sites that allow users to supply untrusted user input, malicious use of an internal function (not part of the [public API](https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/expressions/)) could be used to run unintentional javascript (XSS).\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in vega-functions `6.1.1`\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no workaround besides upgrading. Using `vega.expressionInterpreter` as described in [CSP safe mode](https://vega.github.io/vega/usage/interpreter/) does not prevent this issue.  \n\n\n### Exploit Proof of Concept\n\nVega's expression `modify()` [function](https://github.com/vega/vega/blob/d8add5819346e5af597d82ef8253742acc0283ba/packages/vega-functions/src/functions/modify.js#L40), used by setdata, allows attacker to control both the method called and the values supplied, which results to XSS . This was a previous POC:\n\n\n```json\n{\n  \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega/v6.json\",\n  \"data\": [\n    {\n      \"name\": \"table\",\n      \"values\": [\n        {\"category\": \"A\", \"amount\": 28}\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"signals\": [\n    {\n      \"name\": \"tooltip\",\n      \"value\": {},\n      \"on\": [\n        {\"events\": {\"type\":\"timer\",\"throttle\":2000}, \"update\": \"setdata('table',[['Domain: '+event.dataflow._el.ownerDocument.domain+' , cookies: '+ event.dataflow._el.ownerDocument.cookie ]])+warn('XSS is here', modify('table',2,3,null,event.dataflow._el.ownerDocument.defaultView.alert,{'tttt':'yyyy'}) )\"},\n        {\"events\": \"rect:pointerout\",  \"update\": \"{}\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n```",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "vega-functions"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "6.1.1"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 6.1.0"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/vega/vega/security/advisories/GHSA-m9rg-mr6g-75gm"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66648"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/vega/vega"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-79" ],
    "severity" : "HIGH",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-01-05T22:58:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2026-01-05T22:15:51Z"
  }
}