CVE-2020-9484: Apache Tomcat Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

HIGH
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-344f-f5vg-2jfj
Share
CVSS 7.0
CWE-502
Published
Advisory Summary

CVE-2020-9484 is a HIGH (CVSS 7.0) remote code execution vulnerability (CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data) affecting Apache Tomcat libraries in the Maven ecosystem. The issue involves potential remote code execution in apache tomcat. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104.

CVE-2020-9484 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2020-9484
GHSA Identifier GHSA-344f-f5vg-2jfj
Severity HIGH
CVSS v3.1 Base Score 7.0
CWE Classification CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data
Affected Product Apache Tomcat
Package Ecosystem Maven
Published Date
Last Updated

Security Impact

CVSS: 7.0

The security impact metrics below are parsed directly from the CVSS v3.1 vector string (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Attack Vector Local (AV:L)
Attack Complexity High (AC:H)
Privileges Required Low (PR:L)
User Interaction None (UI:N)
Scope Unchanged (S:U)
Confidentiality High (C:H)
Integrity High (I:H)
Availability High (A:H)

How to Fix CVE-2020-9484

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Apache Tomcat dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina fixed: 10.0.0-M5 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-catalina</artifactId>
    <version>10.0.0-M5</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina fixed: 9.0.35 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-catalina</artifactId>
    <version>9.0.35</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina fixed: 8.5.55 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-catalina</artifactId>
    <version>8.5.55</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina fixed: 7.0.104 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-catalina</artifactId>
    <version>7.0.104</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core fixed: 10.0.0-M5 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
    <version>10.0.0-M5</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core fixed: 9.0.35 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
    <version>9.0.35</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core fixed: 8.5.55 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
    <version>8.5.55</version>
</dependency>
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core fixed: 7.0.104 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
    <version>7.0.104</version>
</dependency>
Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.tomcat

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Java application is affected by CVE-2020-9484, inspect your build dependencies using the Maven Dependency Plugin:

mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.tomcat

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Apache Tomcat in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 10.0.0-M5), your application is affected.

Note: The mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.tomcat command inspects the resolved dependency graph declared in your project's POM files; it does not perform automated security scanning or inspect runtime dynamic classpaths. Always verify runtime container classpaths and shaded JARs.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data, where the product deserializes untrusted data without sufficiently ensuring that the resulting data will be valid. In Apache Tomcat, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

When using Apache Tomcat versions 10.0.0-M1 to 10.0.0-M4, 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.34, 8.5.0 to 8.5.54 and 7.0.0 to 7.0.103 if a) an attacker is able to control the contents and name of a file on the server; and b) the server is configured to use the PersistenceManager with a FileStore; and c) the PersistenceManager is configured with sessionAttributeValueClassNameFilter="null" (the default unless a SecurityManager is used) or a sufficiently lax filter to allow the attacker provided object to be deserialized; and d) the attacker knows the relative file path from the storage location used by FileStore to the file the attacker has control over; then, using a specifically crafted request, the attacker will be able to trigger remote code execution via deserialization of the file under their control. Note that all of conditions a) to d) must be true for the attack to succeed.

CVE-2020-9484 Affected Apache Tomcat Versions

8 component(s)
Fixed Versions:
10.0.0-M59.0.358.5.557.0.104
Product / Package Ecosystem Affected Versions Fixed Version
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina
maven/org.apache.tomcat/tomcat-catalina
Maven
≥ 10.0.0-M1
< 10.0.0-M5
10.0.0-M5
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina
maven/org.apache.tomcat/tomcat-catalina
Maven
≥ 9.0.0
< 9.0.35
9.0.35
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina
maven/org.apache.tomcat/tomcat-catalina
Maven
≥ 8.0.0
< 8.5.55
8.5.55
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina
maven/org.apache.tomcat/tomcat-catalina
Maven
≥ 7.0.0
< 7.0.104
7.0.104
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core
maven/org.apache.tomcat.embed/tomcat-embed-core
Maven
≥ 10.0.0-M1
< 10.0.0-M5
10.0.0-M5
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core
maven/org.apache.tomcat.embed/tomcat-embed-core
Maven
≥ 9.0.0
< 9.0.35
9.0.35
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core
maven/org.apache.tomcat.embed/tomcat-embed-core
Maven
≥ 8.0.0
< 8.5.55
8.5.55
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core
maven/org.apache.tomcat.embed/tomcat-embed-core
Maven
≥ 7.0.0
< 7.0.104
7.0.104

References

NVD — CVE-2020-9484 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-9484
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/3aa8f28db7efb311cdd1b6fe15a9cd3b167a2222.patch
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/4785433a226a20df6acbea49296e1ce7e23de453
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/6d66e99ef85da93e4d2c2a536ca51aa3418bfaf4
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/74b105657ffbd1d1de80455f03446c3bbf30d1f5
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/93f0cc403a9210d469afc2bd9cf03ab3251c6f35
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/bb33048e3f9b4f2b70e4da2e6c4e34ca89023b1b
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html
lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/packa... WEB
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WJ7XHKWJWDNWXUJH6UB7CLIW4TWOZ26N
lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/packa... WEB
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/GIQHXENTLYUNOES4LXVNJ2NCUQQRF5VJ
lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/packa... WEB
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WJ7XHKWJWDNWXUJH6UB7CLIW4TWOZ26N
lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/packa... WEB
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/GIQHXENTLYUNOES4LXVNJ2NCUQQRF5VJ
lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce... WEB
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/07/msg00010.html
lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce... WEB
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/05/msg00026.html
lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce... WEB
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/05/msg00020.html
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf@%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf@%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf@%3Cannounce.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf%40%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf%40%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfe62fbf9d4c314f166fe8c668e50e5d9dd882a99447f26f0367474bf%40%3Cannounce.apache.org%3E
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2020.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2020.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2022.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2021.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuApr2021.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.oracle.com//security-alerts/cpujul2021.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4727
usn.ubuntu.com/4596-1 WEB
https://usn.ubuntu.com/4596-1
usn.ubuntu.com/4448-1 WEB
https://usn.ubuntu.com/4448-1
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-9.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-8.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-7.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-10.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200528-0005
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202006-21
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8dd19c... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8dd19c514face6dd85fd4eab0271854883f40c7307926c1f7cd5400c@%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8dd19c... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8dd19c514face6dd85fd4eab0271854883f40c7307926c1f7cd5400c%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8a2ac0... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8a2ac0e476dbfc1e6440b09dcc782d444ad635d6da26f0284725a5dc@%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8a2ac0... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8a2ac0e476dbfc1e6440b09dcc782d444ad635d6da26f0284725a5dc%40%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r7bc247... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r7bc247fffcb1d58415215c861d2354bd653c86266230d78a93c71ae2@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r7bc247... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r7bc247fffcb1d58415215c861d2354bd653c86266230d78a93c71ae2%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r77eae5... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r77eae567ed829da9012cadb29af17f2df8fa23bf66faf88229857bb1%40%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r269507... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r26950738f4b4ca2d256597cf391d52d3450fa665c297ea5ca38f5469@%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r269507... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r26950738f4b4ca2d256597cf391d52d3450fa665c297ea5ca38f5469%40%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r123b3e... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r123b3ebe389f46f9d337923f393cdae4d3e9b78d982d706712f0898c@%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r123b3e... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r123b3ebe389f46f9d337923f393cdae4d3e9b78d982d706712f0898c%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r11ce01... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r11ce01e8a4c7269b88f88212f21830edf73558997ac7744f37769b77@%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/r11ce01... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r11ce01e8a4c7269b88f88212f21830edf73558997ac7744f37769b77%40%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index WEB
https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content&id=SB10332
Apache Tomcat Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/apache/tomcat
bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi WEB
https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1171928
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf70f53... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf70f53af27e04869bdac18b1fc14a3ee529e59eb12292c8791a77926@%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf70f53... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf70f53af27e04869bdac18b1fc14a3ee529e59eb12292c8791a77926%40%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf6d5d5... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf6d5d57b114678d8898005faef31e9fd6d7c981fcc4ccfc3bc272fc9@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf6d5d5... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf6d5d57b114678d8898005faef31e9fd6d7c981fcc4ccfc3bc272fc9%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf59c72... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf59c72572b9fee674a5d5cc6afeca4ffc3918a02c354a81cc50b7119@%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf59c72... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf59c72572b9fee674a5d5cc6afeca4ffc3918a02c354a81cc50b7119%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc8473b... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc8473b08abdf3c16494ed817bec1717a0ee0c8080315bc27db5f21c3@%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc8473b... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc8473b08abdf3c16494ed817bec1717a0ee0c8080315bc27db5f21c3%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc1778b... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc1778b38e74b5b6142414d57623bd55b023a72361f422836782fca3c@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc1778b... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc1778b38e74b5b6142414d57623bd55b023a72361f422836782fca3c%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb51ccd... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb51ccd58b2152fc75125b2406fc93e04ca9d34e737263faa6ff0f41f@%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb51ccd... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb51ccd58b2152fc75125b2406fc93e04ca9d34e737263faa6ff0f41f%40%3Cusers.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb1c0fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb1c0fb105ce2b93b7ec6fc1b77dd208022621a91c12d1f580813cfed@%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb1c0fb... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb1c0fb105ce2b93b7ec6fc1b77dd208022621a91c12d1f580813cfed%40%3Cdev.tomcat.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/raa4123... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/raa4123e472175bb052fbba165d37187cea923f755e8f3f30d124cb3f@%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
lists.apache.org/thread.html/raa4123... WEB
https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/raa4123e472175bb052fbba165d37187cea923f755e8f3f30d124cb3f%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-05/msg00057.html
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/157924/Apache-Tomcat-CVE-2020-9484-Proof-Of-Concept.html
seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020... WEB
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Jun/6
Apache Tomcat Security Information SECURITY
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/03/01/2

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2020-9484?
CVE-2020-9484 is a security vulnerability in Apache Tomcat involving Potential remote code execution in Apache Tomcat under CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data.
Which Apache Tomcat versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104 across affected packages: org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina, org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core.
What version fixes CVE-2020-9484?
Upgrading to 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104 (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
Is tomcat-catalina affected?
Yes, org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina is affected in releases prior to 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104. Upgrade your dependency to 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104 or later.
Is tomcat-embed-core affected?
Yes, org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core is affected in releases prior to 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104. Upgrade your dependency to 10.0.0-M5, 9.0.35, 8.5.55, 7.0.104 or later.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2020-9484?
CVE-2020-9484 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.0 (HIGH) with vector string CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2020-9484?
CVE-2020-9484 is classified under CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data (The product deserializes untrusted data without sufficiently ensuring that the resulting data will be valid.).
How can I check Maven dependencies for CVE-2020-9484?
Run the dependency tree command: 'mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.tomcat'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-344f-f5vg-2jfj",
  "modified" : "2026-08-25T18:31:30Z",
  "published" : "2020-05-21T18:52:29Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2020-9484" ],
  "summary" : "Potential remote code execution in Apache Tomcat",
  "details" : "When using Apache Tomcat versions 10.0.0-M1 to 10.0.0-M4, 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.34, 8.5.0 to 8.5.54 and 7.0.0 to 7.0.103 if a) an attacker is able to control the contents and name of a file on the server; and b) the server is configured to use the PersistenceManager with a FileStore; and c) the PersistenceManager is configured with sessionAttributeValueClassNameFilter=\"null\" (the default unless a SecurityManager is used) or a sufficiently lax filter to allow the attacker provided object to be deserialized; and d) the attacker knows the relative file path from the storage location used by FileStore to the file the attacker has control over; then, using a specifically crafted request, the attacker will be able to trigger remote code execution via deserialization of the file under their control. Note that all of conditions a) to d) must be true for the attack to succeed.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "10.0.0-M1"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "10.0.0-M5"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 10.0.0-M4"
    }
  }, {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "9.0.0"
      }, {
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}