CVE-2026-28449: Openclaw OpenClaw's Nextcloud Talk Webhook Replay Vulnerability

MODERATE
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-r9q5-c7qc-p26w
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CWE-294
Published
Advisory Summary

CVE-2026-28449 is a MODERATE openclaw's nextcloud talk webhook replay vulnerability (CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay) affecting Openclaw libraries in the npm ecosystem. The issue involves openclaw's nextcloud talk webhook replay could trigger duplicate inbound processing. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 2026.2.25.

CVE-2026-28449 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2026-28449
GHSA Identifier GHSA-r9q5-c7qc-p26w
Severity MODERATE
CVSS v3.1 Base Score N/A
CWE Classification CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Affected Product Openclaw
Package Ecosystem npm
Published Date
Last Updated

How to Fix CVE-2026-28449

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Openclaw dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

openclaw fixed: 2026.2.25 
npm install openclaw@2026.2.25
Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

npm ls openclaw

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Node.js application is affected by CVE-2026-28449, inspect your project dependencies using npm:

npm ls openclaw

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Openclaw in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 2026.2.25), your application is affected.

Note: The npm ls openclaw command inspects dependencies declared in your package.json and lockfile; it does not perform automated runtime dynamic scanning.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay, where a capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes). In Openclaw, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

### Summary When Nextcloud Talk webhook signing was valid, replayed requests could be accepted without durable replay suppression, allowing duplicate inbound processing after replay-window expiry or process restart. ### Details OpenClaw's Nextcloud Talk webhook path verified `HMAC(secret, random + body)` but previously lacked durable replay state tied to webhook events. This allowed replay of a previously valid signed request in some operational conditions. The fix on `main` adds: - persistent per-account replay dedupe for Nextcloud Talk webhook events, - replay checks before webhook side effects (`onMessage`), - backend-origin validation against configured account base URL (when configured). ### Impact A captured valid signed webhook request could be replayed to trigger duplicate inbound handling. This is an integrity/availability issue (duplicate actions/noise), scoped to deployments using Nextcloud Talk webhook integration. ### Affected Packages / Versions - Package: `openclaw` (npm) - Affected: `<= 2026.2.24` - Patched in release: `2026.2.25` ### Fix Commit(s) - `d512163d686ad6741783e7119ddb3437f493dbbc` ### Release Process Note `patched_versions` is pre-set to the release (`2026.2.25`) so once npm release `2026.2.25` is published, advisory is now published. OpenClaw thanks @aristorechina for reporting.

CVE-2026-28449 Affected Openclaw Versions

1 component(s)
Fixed Versions:
2026.2.25
Product / Package Ecosystem Affected Versions Fixed Version
openclaw
npm/openclaw
npm
< 2026.2.25
2026.2.25

References

GitHub Advisory / Wiki ADVISORY
https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-r9q5-c7qc-p26w
NVD — CVE-2026-28449 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28449
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/d512163d686ad6741783e7119ddb3437f493dbbc
Openclaw Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw
www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw... WEB
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-webhook-replay-attack-via-missing-durable-replay-suppression

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2026-28449?
CVE-2026-28449 is a security vulnerability in Openclaw involving OpenClaw's Nextcloud Talk webhook replay could trigger duplicate inbound processing under CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay.
Which Openclaw versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to 2026.2.25 across affected packages: openclaw.
What version fixes CVE-2026-28449?
Upgrading to 2026.2.25 (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
Is openclaw affected?
Yes, openclaw is affected in releases prior to 2026.2.25. Upgrade your dependency to 2026.2.25 or later.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2026-28449?
CVE-2026-28449 is classified under CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay (A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).).
How can I check npm dependencies for CVE-2026-28449?
Run the dependency tree command: 'npm ls openclaw'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-r9q5-c7qc-p26w",
  "modified" : "2026-03-19T21:18:54Z",
  "published" : "2026-03-03T23:08:55Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-28449" ],
  "summary" : "OpenClaw's Nextcloud Talk webhook replay could trigger duplicate inbound processing",
  "details" : "### Summary\nWhen Nextcloud Talk webhook signing was valid, replayed requests could be accepted without durable replay suppression, allowing duplicate inbound processing after replay-window expiry or process restart.\n\n### Details\nOpenClaw's Nextcloud Talk webhook path verified `HMAC(secret, random + body)` but previously lacked durable replay state tied to webhook events. This allowed replay of a previously valid signed request in some operational conditions.\n\nThe fix on `main` adds:\n- persistent per-account replay dedupe for Nextcloud Talk webhook events,\n- replay checks before webhook side effects (`onMessage`),\n- backend-origin validation against configured account base URL (when configured).\n\n### Impact\nA captured valid signed webhook request could be replayed to trigger duplicate inbound handling. This is an integrity/availability issue (duplicate actions/noise), scoped to deployments using Nextcloud Talk webhook integration.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: `<= 2026.2.24`\n- Patched in release: `2026.2.25`\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `d512163d686ad6741783e7119ddb3437f493dbbc`\n\n### Release Process Note\n`patched_versions` is pre-set to the release (`2026.2.25`) so once npm release `2026.2.25` is published, advisory is now published.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @aristorechina for reporting.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V4",
    "score" : "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "openclaw"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "2026.2.25"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 2026.2.24"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-r9q5-c7qc-p26w"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28449"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/d512163d686ad6741783e7119ddb3437f493dbbc"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-webhook-replay-attack-via-missing-durable-replay-suppression"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-294" ],
    "severity" : "MODERATE",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-03-03T23:08:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : null
  }
}