CVE-2025-5994: Software Security Vulnerability Vulnerability

HIGH
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-xrv5-2wwg-jp3r
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CWE-349
Published
Advisory Summary

CVE-2025-5994 is a HIGH security vulnerability vulnerability (CWE-349: Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data) affecting Software libraries in the Maven ecosystem. The weakness occurs when the product, when processing trusted data, accepts any untrusted data that is also included with the trusted data, treating the untrusted data as if it were trusted.. Remediation is available in the latest vendor maintenance releases.

CVE-2025-5994 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2025-5994
GHSA Identifier GHSA-xrv5-2wwg-jp3r
Severity HIGH
CVSS v3.1 Base Score N/A
CWE Classification CWE-349: Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data
Affected Product Software
Package Ecosystem Maven
Published Date
Last Updated

How to Fix CVE-2025-5994

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Software dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

mvn dependency:tree

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Java application is affected by CVE-2025-5994, inspect your build dependencies using the Maven Dependency Plugin:

mvn dependency:tree

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Software in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than the patched release), your application is affected.

Note: The mvn dependency:tree command inspects the resolved dependency graph declared in your project's POM files; it does not perform automated security scanning or inspect runtime dynamic classpaths. Always verify runtime container classpaths and shaded JARs.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-349: Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data, where the product, when processing trusted data, accepts any untrusted data that is also included with the trusted data, treating the untrusted data as if it were trusted. In Software, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

A multi-vendor cache poisoning vulnerability named 'Rebirthday Attack' has been discovered in caching resolvers that support EDNS Client Subnet (ECS). Unbound is also vulnerable when compiled with ECS support, i.e., '--enable-subnet', AND configured to send ECS information along with queries to upstream name servers, i.e., at least one of the 'send-client-subnet', 'client-subnet-zone' or 'client-subnet-always-forward' options is used. Resolvers supporting ECS need to segregate outgoing queries to accommodate for different outgoing ECS information. This re-opens up resolvers to a birthday paradox attack (Rebirthday Attack) that tries to match the DNS transaction ID in order to cache non-ECS poisonous replies.

References

NVD — CVE-2025-5994 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5994
lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce... WEB
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00019.html
nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/c... WEB
https://nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-2025-5994.txt

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2025-5994?
CVE-2025-5994 is a security vulnerability in Software classified as a security vulnerability vulnerability under CWE-349: Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data.
Which Software versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to current release patches.
What version fixes CVE-2025-5994?
Upgrading to current release patches (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2025-5994?
CVE-2025-5994 is classified under CWE-349: Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data (The product, when processing trusted data, accepts any untrusted data that is also included with the trusted data, treating the untrusted data as if it were trusted.).
How can I check Maven dependencies for CVE-2025-5994?
Run the dependency tree command: 'mvn dependency:tree'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-xrv5-2wwg-jp3r",
  "modified" : "2025-11-03T21:34:08Z",
  "published" : "2025-07-16T15:32:33Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-5994" ],
  "details" : "A multi-vendor cache poisoning vulnerability named 'Rebirthday Attack' has been discovered in caching resolvers that support EDNS Client Subnet (ECS). Unbound is also vulnerable when compiled with ECS support, i.e., '--enable-subnet', AND configured to send ECS information along with queries to upstream name servers, i.e., at least one of the 'send-client-subnet', 'client-subnet-zone' or 'client-subnet-always-forward' options is used. Resolvers supporting ECS need to segregate outgoing queries to accommodate for different outgoing ECS information. This re-opens up resolvers to a birthday paradox attack (Rebirthday Attack) that tries to match the DNS transaction ID in order to cache non-ECS poisonous replies.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V4",
    "score" : "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:U/V:C/RE:X/U:X"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5994"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00019.html"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-2025-5994.txt"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-349" ],
    "severity" : "HIGH",
    "github_reviewed" : false,
    "github_reviewed_at" : null,
    "nvd_published_at" : "2025-07-16T15:15:33Z"
  }
}