CVE-2016-2162: Struts2 core Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerability

MODERATE
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-2j4q-9fff-236j
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CVSS 6.1
CWE-79
Published
Advisory Summary

CVE-2016-2162 is a MODERATE (CVSS 6.1) cross-site scripting vulnerability (CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')) affecting Struts2 core libraries in the Maven ecosystem. The issue involves apache struts xss vulnerability. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 2.3.28.

CVE-2016-2162 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2016-2162
GHSA Identifier GHSA-2j4q-9fff-236j
Severity MODERATE
CVSS v3.1 Base Score 6.1
CWE Classification CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Affected Product Struts2 core
Package Ecosystem Maven
Published Date
Last Updated

Security Impact

CVSS: 6.1

The security impact metrics below are parsed directly from the CVSS v3.1 vector string (CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).

Attack Vector Network (AV:N)
Attack Complexity Low (AC:L)
Privileges Required None (PR:N)
User Interaction Required (UI:R)
Scope Changed (S:C)
Confidentiality Low (C:L)
Integrity Low (I:L)
Availability None (A:N)

How to Fix CVE-2016-2162

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Struts2 core dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

org.apache.struts:struts2-core fixed: 2.3.28 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
    <artifactId>struts2-core</artifactId>
    <version>2.3.28</version>
</dependency>
Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.struts

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Java application is affected by CVE-2016-2162, inspect your build dependencies using the Maven Dependency Plugin:

mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.struts

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Struts2 core in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 2.3.28), your application is affected.

Note: The mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.struts command inspects the resolved dependency graph declared in your project's POM files; it does not perform automated security scanning or inspect runtime dynamic classpaths. Always verify runtime container classpaths and shaded JARs.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting'), where the product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users. In Struts2 core, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.28 does not sanitize text in the Locale object constructed by I18NInterceptor, which might allow remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via unspecified vectors involving language display.

CVE-2016-2162 Affected Struts2 core Versions

1 component(s)
Fixed Versions:
2.3.28
Product / Package Ecosystem Affected Versions Fixed Version
org.apache.struts:struts2-core
maven/org.apache.struts/struts2-core
Maven
≥ 2.0.0
< 2.3.28
2.3.28

References

NVD — CVE-2016-2162 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2162
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/apache/struts/commit/fc2179cf1ac9fbfb61e3430fa88b641d87253327
Struts2 core Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/apache/struts
Struts2 core Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/apache/struts/blob/f511034acd7b97e07d281169b38e2af40c94903d/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/interceptor/I18nInterceptor.java
Struts2 core Security Information SECURITY
https://web.archive.org/web/20210123095722/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/85070
Struts2 core Security Information SECURITY
https://web.archive.org/web/20210801130539/http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035272
struts.apache.org/docs/s2-030.html WEB
http://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-030.html

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2016-2162?
CVE-2016-2162 is a security vulnerability in Struts2 core involving Apache Struts XSS Vulnerability under CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting').
Which Struts2 core versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to 2.3.28 across affected packages: org.apache.struts:struts2-core.
What version fixes CVE-2016-2162?
Upgrading to 2.3.28 (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
Is struts2-core affected?
Yes, org.apache.struts:struts2-core is affected in releases prior to 2.3.28. Upgrade your dependency to 2.3.28 or later.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2016-2162?
CVE-2016-2162 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.1 (MODERATE) with vector string CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2016-2162?
CVE-2016-2162 is classified under CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') (The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.).
How can I check Maven dependencies for CVE-2016-2162?
Run the dependency tree command: 'mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.apache.struts'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-2j4q-9fff-236j",
  "modified" : "2023-11-07T19:13:19Z",
  "published" : "2022-05-17T03:42:59Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2016-2162" ],
  "summary" : "Apache Struts XSS Vulnerability",
  "details" : "Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.28 does not sanitize text in the Locale object constructed by I18NInterceptor, which might allow remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via unspecified vectors involving language display.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "org.apache.struts:struts2-core"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "2.0.0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "2.3.28"
      } ]
    } ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2162"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/apache/struts/commit/fc2179cf1ac9fbfb61e3430fa88b641d87253327"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/apache/struts"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/apache/struts/blob/f511034acd7b97e07d281169b38e2af40c94903d/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/interceptor/I18nInterceptor.java"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://web.archive.org/web/20210123095722/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/85070"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://web.archive.org/web/20210801130539/http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035272"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "http://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-030.html"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-79" ],
    "severity" : "MODERATE",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2023-07-31T22:46:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2016-04-12T16:59:00Z"
  }
}