CVE-2025-65019: Astro Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-fvmw-cj7j-j39q",
  "modified" : "2025-11-27T08:15:37Z",
  "published" : "2025-11-19T20:09:12Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-65019" ],
  "summary" : "Astro Cloudflare adapter has Stored Cross-site Scripting vulnerability in /_image endpoint",
  "details" : "**Summary**  \nA Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in Astro when using the **@astrojs/cloudflare** adapter with `output: 'server'`. The built-in image optimization endpoint (`/_image`) uses `isRemoteAllowed()` from Astro’s internal helpers, which **unconditionally allows `data:` URLs**. When the endpoint receives a valid `data:` URL pointing to a malicious SVG containing JavaScript, and the Cloudflare-specific implementation performs a **302 redirect back to the original `data:` URL**, the browser directly executes the embedded JavaScript. This completely bypasses any domain allow-listing (`image.domains` / `image.remotePatterns`) and typical Content Security Policy mitigations.\n\n**Affected Versions**  \n- `@astrojs/cloudflare` ≤ 12.6.10 (and likely all previous versions)  \n- Astro ≥ 4.x when used with `output: 'server'` and the Cloudflare adapter\n\n**Root Cause – Vulnerable Code**  \nFile: `node_modules/@astrojs/internal-helpers/src/remote.ts`\n\n```ts\nexport function isRemoteAllowed(src: string, ...): boolean {\n  if (!URL.canParse(src)) {\n    return false;\n  }\n  const url = new URL(src);\n\n  // Data URLs are always allowed \n  if (url.protocol === 'data:') {\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  // Non-http(s) protocols are never allowed\n  if (!['http:', 'https:'].includes(url.protocol)) {\n    return false;\n  }\n  // ... further http/https allow-list checks\n}\n```\n\nIn the **Cloudflare adapter**, the `/_image` endpoint contains logic similar to:\n\n```ts\n\tconst href = ctx.url.searchParams.get('href');\n\tif (!href) {\n\t\t// return error \n\t}\n\n\tif (isRemotePath(href)) {\n\t\tif (isRemoteAllowed(href, imageConfig) === false) {\n\t\t\t// return error\n\t\t} else {\n            //redirect to return the image \n\t\t\treturn Response.redirect(href, 302);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n```\n\nBecause `data:` URLs are considered “allowed”, a request such as:  \n`https://example.com/_image?href=data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2Zy... (base64-encoded malicious SVG)`  \n\ntriggers a **302 redirect directly to the `data:` URL**, causing the browser to render and execute the malicious JavaScript inside the SVG.\n\n**Proof of Concept (PoC)**  \n\n1. Create a minimal Astro project with Cloudflare adapter (`output: 'server'`).\n2. Deploy to Cloudflare Pages or Workers.\n3. Request the image endpoint with the following payload:\n\n```\nhttps://yoursite.com/_image?href=data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjxzY3JpcHQ+YWxlcnQoJ3pvbWFzZWMnKTwvc2NyaXB0Pjwvc3ZnPg==\n```\n\n   (Base64 decodes to: `<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><script>alert('zomasec')</script></svg>`)\n\n4. The endpoint returns a **302 redirect** to the `data:` URL → browser executes the `<script>` → `alert()` fires.\n\n**Impact**  \n- Reflected/Strored XSS (depending on application usage)  \n- Session hijacking (access to cookies, localStorage, etc.)  \n- Account takeover when combined with CSRF  \n- Data exfiltration to attacker-controlled servers  \n- Bypasses `image.domains` / `image.remotePatterns` configuration entirely  \n\n**Safe vs Vulnerable Behavior**  \nOther Astro adapters (Node, Vercel, etc.) typically **proxy and rasterize** SVGs, stripping JavaScript. The **Cloudflare adapter** currently **redirects** to remote resources (including `data:` URLs), making it uniquely vulnerable.\n\n**References**  \n- Vulnerable function: https://github.com/withastro/astro/blob/main/packages/internal-helpers/src/remote.ts  \n- Similar `data:` URL bypass in WordPress: [CVE-2025-2575 ](https://feedly.com/cve/CVE-2025-2575)",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "astro"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "5.15.9"
      } ]
    } ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advisories/GHSA-fvmw-cj7j-j39q"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65019"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/withastro/astro/commit/9e9c528191b6f5e06db9daf6ad26b8f68016e533"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/withastro/astro"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-79" ],
    "severity" : "MODERATE",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2025-11-19T20:09:12Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2025-11-19T17:15:53Z"
  }
}