CVE-2025-65108: Md to pdf Md-to-pdf Vulnerable To Arbitrary JavaScript Vulnerability

CRITICAL
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw
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CVSS 10.0
CWE-94
Published
Advisory Summary

CVE-2025-65108 is a CRITICAL (CVSS 10.0) md-to-pdf vulnerable to arbitrary javascript vulnerability (CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')) affecting Md to pdf libraries in the npm ecosystem. The issue involves md-to-pdf vulnerable to arbitrary javascript code execution when parsing front matter. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 5.2.5.

CVE-2025-65108 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2025-65108
GHSA Identifier GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw
Severity CRITICAL
CVSS v3.1 Base Score 10.0
CWE Classification CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Affected Product Md to pdf
Package Ecosystem npm
Published Date
Last Updated

Security Impact

CVSS: 10.0

The security impact metrics below are parsed directly from the CVSS v3.1 vector string (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Attack Vector Network (AV:N)
Attack Complexity Low (AC:L)
Privileges Required None (PR:N)
User Interaction None (UI:N)
Scope Changed (S:C)
Confidentiality High (C:H)
Integrity High (I:H)
Availability High (A:H)

How to Fix CVE-2025-65108

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Md to pdf dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

md-to-pdf fixed: 5.2.5 
npm install md-to-pdf@5.2.5
Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

npm ls md-to-pdf

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Node.js application is affected by CVE-2025-65108, inspect your project dependencies using npm:

npm ls md-to-pdf

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Md to pdf in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 5.2.5), your application is affected.

Note: The npm ls md-to-pdf command inspects dependencies declared in your package.json and lockfile; it does not perform automated runtime dynamic scanning.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection'), where the product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment. In Md to pdf, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

### Summary A Markdown front-matter block that contains JavaScript delimiter causes the JS engine in gray-matter library to execute arbitrary code in the Markdown to PDF converter process of **md-to-pdf** library, resulting in remote code execution. ### Details **md-to-pdf** uses the gray-matter library to parse front-matter. Gray-matter exposes a JavaScript engine that, when enabled or triggered by certain front-matter delimiters (e.g. ---js or ---javascript), will evaluate the front-matter contents as JavaScript. If user-supplied Markdown is fed to md-to-pdf and the front-matter contains malicious JS, the converter process will execute that code. ### PoC ``` const { mdToPdf } = require('md-to-pdf'); var payload = '---javascript\n((require("child_process")).execSync("calc.exe"))\n---RCE'; (async () => { await mdToPdf({ content: payload }, { dest: './output.pdf'}); })(); ``` Running the PoC on Windows launches the calculator application, demonstrating arbitrary code execution. ### Impact - Remote code execution in the process that performs Markdown->PDF conversion. - If the converter is run in a web app or cloud service, an attacker uploading malicious Markdown can execute arbitrary commands on the

CVE-2025-65108 Affected Md to pdf Versions

1 component(s)
Fixed Versions:
5.2.5
Product / Package Ecosystem Affected Versions Fixed Version
md-to-pdf
npm/md-to-pdf
npm
< 5.2.5
5.2.5

References

GitHub Advisory / Wiki ADVISORY
https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/security/advisories/GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw
NVD — CVE-2025-65108 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65108
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/commit/46bdcf2051c8d1758b391c1353185a179a47a4d9
Md to pdf Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2025-65108?
CVE-2025-65108 is a security vulnerability in Md to pdf involving md-to-pdf vulnerable to arbitrary JavaScript code execution when parsing front matter under CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection').
Which Md to pdf versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to 5.2.5 across affected packages: md-to-pdf.
What version fixes CVE-2025-65108?
Upgrading to 5.2.5 (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
Is md-to-pdf affected?
Yes, md-to-pdf is affected in releases prior to 5.2.5. Upgrade your dependency to 5.2.5 or later.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-65108?
CVE-2025-65108 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 10.0 (CRITICAL) with vector string CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2025-65108?
CVE-2025-65108 is classified under CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') (The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.).
How can I check npm dependencies for CVE-2025-65108?
Run the dependency tree command: 'npm ls md-to-pdf'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw",
  "modified" : "2025-11-25T19:48:40Z",
  "published" : "2025-11-20T17:48:11Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-65108" ],
  "summary" : "md-to-pdf vulnerable to arbitrary JavaScript code execution when parsing front matter",
  "details" : "### Summary\nA Markdown front-matter block that contains JavaScript delimiter causes the JS engine in gray-matter library to execute arbitrary code in the Markdown to PDF converter process of **md-to-pdf** library, resulting in remote code execution.\n\n### Details\n**md-to-pdf** uses the gray-matter library to parse front-matter. Gray-matter exposes a JavaScript engine that, when enabled or triggered by certain front-matter delimiters (e.g. ---js or ---javascript), will evaluate the front-matter contents as JavaScript. If user-supplied Markdown is fed to md-to-pdf and the front-matter contains malicious JS, the converter process will execute that code.\n\n\n### PoC\n```\nconst { mdToPdf } = require('md-to-pdf');\n\nvar payload = '---javascript\\n((require(\"child_process\")).execSync(\"calc.exe\"))\\n---RCE';\n\n(async () => {\n\tawait mdToPdf({ content: payload }, { dest: './output.pdf'});\n})();\n```\nRunning the PoC on Windows launches the calculator application, demonstrating arbitrary code execution.\n\n### Impact\n\n- Remote code execution in the process that performs Markdown->PDF conversion.\n- If the converter is run in a web app or cloud service, an attacker uploading malicious Markdown can execute arbitrary commands on the",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "md-to-pdf"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "5.2.5"
      } ]
    } ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/security/advisories/GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65108"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/commit/46bdcf2051c8d1758b391c1353185a179a47a4d9"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-94" ],
    "severity" : "CRITICAL",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2025-11-20T17:48:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2025-11-21T22:16:33Z"
  }
}