CVE-2026-52732: Zebrad Zebrad Has Mempool Transaction Admission Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-4fc2-h7jh-287c",
  "modified" : "2026-07-02T19:39:02Z",
  "published" : "2026-07-02T19:39:02Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-52732" ],
  "summary" : "zebrad has mempool transaction admission denial via single-peer inbound queue saturation",
  "details" : "### Am I affected\n\nYou are affected if:\n\n1. You run `zebrad` up to and including `v4.4.1`.\n2. Your node accepts inbound P2P connections (`network.listen_addr` is set, which is the default).\n3. Your node's mempool is active (node is synced near the chain tip).\n\nAll default configurations are affected.\n\n### Summary\n\nA single unauthenticated P2P peer can monopolize all 25 inbound mempool download/verification slots (`MAX_INBOUND_CONCURRENCY`) by advertising fake transaction IDs. While the slots are occupied, all other inbound transactions from honest peers and local RPC `sendrawtransaction` calls are rejected with `MempoolError::FullQueue`. The attacker peer is never scored for misbehavior and is not disconnected, allowing sustained denial of mempool admission.\n\n### Details\n\nThe mempool download/verification pipeline at `zebrad/src/components/mempool/downloads.rs` uses a single bounded pool of 25 concurrent tasks. Three architectural gaps combine to produce the vulnerability:\n\n1. No per-peer accounting: the 25 slots are shared across all peers with no cap on how many a single peer can hold.\n2. No overload signaling: when `FullQueue` is returned, the inbound service at `zebrad/src/components/inbound.rs` maps it to `Response::Nil`, hiding the overload from the peer connection layer. The existing `handle_inbound_overload` disconnection logic never fires.\n3. No misbehavior attribution: peer identity is not carried through the `Gossip` type into the download pipeline, so verification failures cannot be attributed to the originating peer.\n\nThe attacker sends `inv` messages advertising fake transaction IDs. Zebra queues download tasks for each ID. The attacker stays silent; each slot is held until the `TRANSACTION_DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT` (20 seconds) fires. The attacker periodically sends fresh `inv` waves to re-fill slots as they expire.\n\nTwo additional slot-holding techniques have been independently demonstrated: invalid-prevout transactions that park in `AwaitOutput` for 60 seconds, and expensive shielded proof verification with auth-variant cache bypass. All three techniques are addressed by the same per-peer accounting fix.\n\n### Patches\n\nzebrad 4.5.0\n\nThe fix adds per-peer queue accounting to the mempool download pipeline. A single peer is limited to a fraction of `MAX_INBOUND_CONCURRENCY` (e.g., 5 slots out of 25). `FullQueue` is surfaced as an overload signal to the peer connection layer. Peer identity is plumbed through the `Gossip` type for misbehavior attribution.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no complete configuration-level workaround. Reducing `network.peerset_initial_target_size` limits the total inbound peer count but does not prevent a single peer from holding all mempool slots.\n\n### Impact\n\nMempool transaction admission is denied for all honest peers and local RPC clients while the attack is sustained. Block validation and chain synchronization continue normally. The attacker needs only one TCP connection and minimal bandwidth (~1 KB/s of fake `inv` messages). The node recovers immediately when the attacker stops. This does not affect consensus, funds, or on-disk state.\n\n### Credit\n\nReported by `@dingledropper` via a private GitHub Security Advisory submission.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "crates.io",
      "name" : "zebrad"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "4.5.0"
      } ]
    } ],
    "database_specific" : {
      "last_known_affected_version_range" : "<= 4.4.1"
    }
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security/advisories/GHSA-4fc2-h7jh-287c"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/blob/d4cd662c716382f6397d2a730148025a1ca79fec/zebrad/src/components/mempool/downloads.rs#L82"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-770" ],
    "severity" : "MODERATE",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-07-02T19:39:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : null
  }
}