CVE-2025-66453: Rhino Denial of Service Vulnerability

LOW
Advisory Identifier: GHSA-3w8q-xq97-5j7x
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CWE-400
Published
Advisory Summary

CVE-2025-66453 is a LOW denial of service vulnerability (CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption) affecting Rhino libraries in the Maven ecosystem. The issue involves rhino has high cpu usage and potential dos when passing specific numbers to `tofixed()` function. Remediation is available by upgrading affected packages to version 1.7.14.1, 1.7.15.1, 1.8.1.

CVE-2025-66453 at a Glance

CVE Identifier CVE-2025-66453
GHSA Identifier GHSA-3w8q-xq97-5j7x
Severity LOW
CVSS v3.1 Base Score N/A
CWE Classification CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
Affected Product Rhino
Package Ecosystem Maven
Published Date
Last Updated

How to Fix CVE-2025-66453

To remediate this vulnerability, upgrade all affected Rhino dependencies to a patched release. Both direct and transitive dependencies should be checked, as frameworks or security libraries may pull in vulnerable versions transitively.

org.mozilla:rhino fixed: 1.7.14.1 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mozilla</groupId>
    <artifactId>rhino</artifactId>
    <version>1.7.14.1</version>
</dependency>
org.mozilla:rhino fixed: 1.7.15.1 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mozilla</groupId>
    <artifactId>rhino</artifactId>
    <version>1.7.15.1</version>
</dependency>
org.mozilla:rhino fixed: 1.8.1 
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mozilla</groupId>
    <artifactId>rhino</artifactId>
    <version>1.8.1</version>
</dependency>
Verify Direct and Transitive Dependencies

Run the following command in your project directory to verify that all resolved dependencies use the patched release: 

mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.mozilla

How to Check if You Are Affected

To determine whether your Java application is affected by CVE-2025-66453, inspect your build dependencies using the Maven Dependency Plugin:

mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.mozilla

Analyze the terminal output to locate any version of Rhino in your dependency tree. If any resolved version matches the vulnerable ranges listed in the table below (for example, versions earlier than 1.7.14.1), your application is affected.

Note: The mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.mozilla command inspects the resolved dependency graph declared in your project's POM files; it does not perform automated security scanning or inspect runtime dynamic classpaths. Always verify runtime container classpaths and shaded JARs.

Technical Details

Vulnerability Mechanism & Technical Analysis

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption, where the product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource. In Rhino, software state validation or input boundaries are circumvented during processing. Review the official source advisory statement below for specific affected components, classes, and reproduction details.

Source Advisory Statement

When an application passed an attacker controlled float poing number into the `toFixed()` function, it might lead to high CPU consumption and a potential Denial of Service. Small numbers go through this call stack: `NativeNumber.numTo > DToA.JS_dtostr > DToA.JS_dtoa > DToA.pow5mult` where `pow5mult` attempts to raise `5` to a ridiculous power. Example code: `(4.47118444E-314).toFixed(2)`

CVE-2025-66453 Affected Rhino Versions

3 component(s)
Fixed Versions:
1.7.14.11.7.15.11.8.1
Product / Package Ecosystem Affected Versions Fixed Version
org.mozilla:rhino
maven/org.mozilla/rhino
Maven
< 1.7.14.1
1.7.14.1
org.mozilla:rhino
maven/org.mozilla/rhino
Maven
≥ 1.7.15
< 1.7.15.1
1.7.15.1
org.mozilla:rhino
maven/org.mozilla/rhino
Maven
≥ 1.8.0
< 1.8.1
All 1 versions
1.8.0
1.8.1

References

GitHub Advisory / Wiki ADVISORY
https://github.com/mozilla/rhino/security/advisories/GHSA-3w8q-xq97-5j7x
NVD — CVE-2025-66453 NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66453
Security Fix Commit FIX COMMIT
https://github.com/mozilla/rhino/commit/2bcf4c43deace35f1f57d86377c6767b0608986e
Rhino Source Repository REPOSITORY
https://github.com/mozilla/rhino

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2025-66453?
CVE-2025-66453 is a security vulnerability in Rhino involving Rhino has high CPU usage and potential DoS when passing specific numbers to `toFixed()` function under CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption.
Which Rhino versions are affected?
Affected versions include releases prior to 1.7.14.1, 1.7.15.1, 1.8.1 across affected packages: org.mozilla:rhino.
What version fixes CVE-2025-66453?
Upgrading to 1.7.14.1, 1.7.15.1, 1.8.1 (or the latest patched release for your respective branch) resolves the vulnerability.
Is rhino affected?
Yes, org.mozilla:rhino is affected in releases prior to 1.7.14.1, 1.7.15.1, 1.8.1. Upgrade your dependency to 1.7.14.1, 1.7.15.1, 1.8.1 or later.
What CWE is associated with CVE-2025-66453?
CVE-2025-66453 is classified under CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption (The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.).
How can I check Maven dependencies for CVE-2025-66453?
Run the dependency tree command: 'mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.mozilla'. This command lists direct and transitive dependencies in your build configuration so you can verify if a vulnerable version is resolved.
Machine-readable OSV JSON OSV v1.5 Schema
Normalized schema output
View Raw JSON 
{
  "schema_version" : "1.4.0",
  "id" : "GHSA-3w8q-xq97-5j7x",
  "modified" : "2025-12-04T16:23:15Z",
  "published" : "2025-12-03T16:57:50Z",
  "aliases" : [ "CVE-2025-66453" ],
  "summary" : "Rhino has high CPU usage and potential DoS when passing specific numbers to `toFixed()` function",
  "details" : "When an application passed an attacker controlled float poing number into the `toFixed()` function, it might lead to high CPU consumption and a potential Denial of Service.\n\nSmall numbers go through this call stack: `NativeNumber.numTo > DToA.JS_dtostr > DToA.JS_dtoa > DToA.pow5mult`\nwhere `pow5mult` attempts to raise `5` to a ridiculous power.\n\nExample code: `(4.47118444E-314).toFixed(2)`",
  "severity" : [ {
    "type" : "CVSS_V4",
    "score" : "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U"
  } ],
  "affected" : [ {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "org.mozilla:rhino"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "1.7.14.1"
      } ]
    } ]
  }, {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "org.mozilla:rhino"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "1.7.15"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "1.7.15.1"
      } ]
    } ]
  }, {
    "package" : {
      "ecosystem" : "Maven",
      "name" : "org.mozilla:rhino"
    },
    "ranges" : [ {
      "type" : "ECOSYSTEM",
      "events" : [ {
        "introduced" : "1.8.0"
      }, {
        "fixed" : "1.8.1"
      } ]
    } ],
    "versions" : [ "1.8.0" ]
  } ],
  "references" : [ {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/mozilla/rhino/security/advisories/GHSA-3w8q-xq97-5j7x"
  }, {
    "type" : "ADVISORY",
    "url" : "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66453"
  }, {
    "type" : "WEB",
    "url" : "https://github.com/mozilla/rhino/commit/2bcf4c43deace35f1f57d86377c6767b0608986e"
  }, {
    "type" : "PACKAGE",
    "url" : "https://github.com/mozilla/rhino"
  } ],
  "database_specific" : {
    "cwe_ids" : [ "CWE-400" ],
    "severity" : "LOW",
    "github_reviewed" : true,
    "github_reviewed_at" : "2025-12-03T16:57:50Z",
    "nvd_published_at" : "2025-12-03T20:16:26Z"
  }
}